公司治理与非效率投资行为——基于汽车行业上市公司经验数据毕业论文
2021-05-06 11:59:13
摘 要
投资关乎企业的生存与发展,将有限的资源运用于最能够增加公司价值的地方能够为企业的发展提供强大的后座力。与此相反,将有限的资源运用于低于社会平均资源利用率的地方会使企业在激烈的市场竞争中处于劣势,甚至拖垮公司。这关乎着投资效率问题。随着现代公司的发展,企业涉及的利益相关者在种类和数量方面都越来越多、层级关系越来越复杂。大股东、中小股东、债权人和管理者在获取信息地位上存在着不平等,这使得在信息获取方面占据真实性和充分性优势的一方有机会为自己谋取利益而使其他方利益受损。为了避免这种情况的发生,公司需要进行合理的制度安排来约束和激励管理者及股东。本文的目的就是研究公司治理与非效率投资行为的关系,在公司治理方面对非效率投资做出解释。
本文首先表述了本文的研究目的、理论意义与实际意义、公司治理与非效率投资的定义;然后介绍了与非效率投资相关的委托代理理论、信息不对称理论,并依托委托代理理论发展而来的公司存在的三种冲突:大股东与中小股东的冲突、股东与债权人的冲突、股东与管理层的冲突得出公司的股权结构、债权结构、董事会结构、管理者激励都与非效率投资相关,并在这四个方面提出本文的研究假设;接着是本文的研究设计,包括非效率投资的度量、变量指标的选取、数据来源及模型构建;本文以汽车行业为例,基于2011-2015年在沪深交易的A股汽车行业上市公司经验数据,进行回归分析和稳健性检验,发现对于汽车行业上市公司来说,非效率投资行为广泛存在;股权结构中,股权集中度和股权制衡度与非效率投资无关;债权结构中,短期负债和长期负债促进了投资不足,对过度投资没有明显的影响;董事会结构中,独立董事机制和董事长与总经理两职分离能抑制投资不足,对过度投资没有明显的影响;管理者激励中,管理者货币薪酬能抑制投资不足,虽能抑制过度投资,但效果不显著,管理者持股能够抑制投资不足和过度投资。最后针对结论对汽车行业上市公司提出建议。
关键词:投资过度;投资不足;公司治理
Abstract
The survival and development of a company is related to the investment. The limited resources should be used to increase the value of the company to push the development of enterprises. In contrast, Limited resources applied to places below the average resource utilization will make the local business community at a disadvantage in the fierce competition in the market, and even caused the collapse of the company. This relates to the investment efficiency. With the modern development of the company,the number of types and quantities of stakeholders companies involved are increasing, and the relationship of stakeholders become more complex. Major shareholders, minority shareholders, creditors, and managers obtain information on the existence of unequal status, which allows one to occupy the authenticity and full advantage of the opportunity in terms of access to information for their own personal interests at the expense of other. To prevent this phenomenon, companies need to set reasonable mechanism to constrain and motivate managers and major shareholders. Purpose of this paper is to study the relations of corporate governance and inefficient investment and to explain non-efficiency investments in the view of corporate governance.
This paper presents the research purpose, theoretical and practical significance of this paper, the definition of corporate governance and inefficient investment; Then introduced Principal Agent Theory and Asymmetric Information Theory which related to non-efficiency of investment ; According to three kinds of conflict of company developed from Principal Agent Theory: the conflict of large shareholders and minority shareholders, the conflict of creditors and shareholders, the conflict of shareholders and the managers of company, this paper draws ownership structure, debt structure, board structure, management incentive are associated with non-investment efficiency, and propose research hypothesis of this paper in these four areas; followed the study design of this article, including the measurement of non-efficiency of investment, the selection of variables, data sources and model building; This paper sets the automobile industry as an example, based on the data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai Stock Exchange or Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2015 in the automotive industry, carries on the regression analysis and robust test, found that for the listed companies in the automotive industry, inefficient investment behaviors widely distributed; in ownership structure, ownership concentration and ownership balancing are irrelevant to inefficient investment ; in the debt structure, short-term debt and long-term debt contributed to underinvestment, and there is no obvious influence on overinvestment; in board structure, the presence of independent directors and the separation of chairman and general manager can inhibit underinvestment, and there is no obvious influence on overinvestment; in the incentive of managers, managers ' pay can suppress underinvestment; although it can curb overinvestment, the effect was not significant; the behavior of managers ‘ shareholding can suppress underinvestment and overinvestment. Finally this paper makes recommendations to the listed companies in the automotive industry according to the conclusion.
Key Words:Overinvestment;Underinvestment;Corporate Governance
目 录
第1章 绪论 1
1.1研究目的 1
1.2研究意义 1
1.3重要概念定义 2
1.4研究内容及方法 3
第2章 理论基础与文献综述 5
2.1 委托代理理论与非效率投资 5
2.2 信息不对称理论与非效率投资 9
第3章 研究设计 10
3.1 数据来源及样本选取 10
3.2变量指标的选取 10
3.3模型的建立 12
第4章 实证检验及结果分析 14
4.1 非效率投资模型回归结果 14
4.2 描述性统计分析 14
4.3 过度投资的回归分析 15
4.4投资不足的回归分析 17
4.5稳健性检验 18
4.6 回归结果与假设对比分析 21
第5章 研究结论及建议 23
5.1 本文结论 23
5.2政策建议 23
参考文献 23
致 谢 25
第1章 绪论
1.1研究目的
投资是经济增长的动力,其效率的高低直接影响着经济的活力与稳定性。虽然中国的投资在过去三十年一直保持着高速增长,但也有大量的研究表明,与高投资率伴随的是投资的低效率。张军(2005)研究指出自二十世纪八十年代中国的投资效率缓慢上升在1992年达到最大值后开始下降。谢国忠(2005)发现中国固定资产投资占GDP总值的比例高且该比例呈现逐年上升趋势,并得出中国明显存在投资过热问题。庞明川(2007)指出我国部分地区和行业存在投资过度。
关于投资效率的问题,从研究层次上看,包括国家宏观层面、行业和区域层面、企业微观层面。随着市场化改革的基本完成,政府对企业经营决策的干预明显减少,投资决策主要在企业微观层面展开,企业各利益相关人决定了企业采取怎样的投资策略,这就涉及到了公司治理机制。考虑到同一行业企业特征相似性,本文以汽车行业上市公司为样本,目的是研究公司治理与非效率投资的关系,剖析原因,提出建议。
汽车行业在我国国民经济中占有重要地位,涉及到国家安全,政府以高关税保护其发展。汽车行业的正常运营和发展对于市经济的正常运行有重要影响,据《中国汽车工业年鉴》统计,从2007年至2012年,每年我国汽车工业总产值占国内生产总值的比重都超过6%。从2009到2014年,中国的汽车年产销量一直保持世界第一位。我国人均汽车保有量低于世界平均水平,家轿井喷掀起投资热,汽车行业发展前景良好。但目前在该行业中企业存在缺乏核心技术、人才缺乏、资金不足的问题,一些企业还存在产业结构失调、集中度低、发展不均衡等问题,这些都会影响到企业的投资效率。2004年2月4日,关于汽车行业是否应该列入过度投资行业备受社会各界争议。汽车行业是否存在存在非效率投资?公司治理与非效率投资之间存在怎样的关系?为什么?应该如何抑制非效率投资?这是本文需要解决的问题。