论文总字数：20606字

摘 要

古人为认识星星、研究天体，很早就人为地把星空分成若干区域，中国称之为星官，西方唤之为星座。中国古代把天空分为三垣二十八宿，最早的完整文字记录见诸于《史记·天官书》中。西方分为12个星座，即黄道十二星座。也就是太阳在白天运行的轨迹经过的星座。

在现代公众心目中，星占学（astrology ）与天文学（astronomy ）两者显然是根本不同的东西：前者是迷信而后者是科学。然而在历史上，情况并非如此。直到文艺复兴时期以及再稍往后一些的年代，星占学家和天文学家还是无法区分的——他们从来就是同一种人。“天文”一词在中国已有两千年以上的历史。《易经》里保留着这个词的原始用法。《易。彖。贲》上说：观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。《易。系辞上》又说：仰以观于天文，俯以察于地理。

这里“天文”的含义都是指天象，即各种天体交错运行而在天空上所呈现的景象，这种景象被称为“文”。不过古人仰观天象，其目的并非探索自然奥秘，而是为了从天象中看出人世间的吉凶祸福——这正是星占学的根本宗旨。因此在古代中国，“天文”一词通常都是指仰观天象以占知人事吉凶的学问，即星占学。

天文学和天文学家，在很大程度上是一组现代的观念，古代则只有星占学和星占学家。我们之所以说古代星占学家和天文学家是同一种人，主要是因为，星占学家确实掌握着天文学知识（只是现代天文学知识中的一小部分，主要是天体测量方面）——这是他们从事星占学活动必不可少的工具。这里需要特别注意的是：一种活动的性质和进行此种活动所需的工具，显然不能混为一谈。不幸的是以往的大量宣传性读物已在一般公众中造成了根深蒂固的误解，似乎古代真有那么一大批“天文学家”在从事着与今天的天文学性质完全相同的科学活动，而这并不是历史事实。即使在古代星占学家自己的主观意识中，他也是把自己所从事的活动看成是旨在寻求“天人之际”的大奥秘并预知未来的吉凶祸福；而绝不是像许多现代读物所强加到他们头上的那样，看成是进行所谓“科学研究”。

还有人将星占学与天文学的关系比作炼金术与现代化学的关系，这也有不甚贴切之处。炼金术随着现代化学的兴起而衰亡，大体上呈现为后者替代了前者的局面；而星占学在天文学从它那里独立出来并迅猛发展之后，却并未衰亡。事实上，星占学迄今仍在欧美各国广泛流传。比如有些报纸上每天都要登载算命天宫图（horoscope ），偶有一天未载竟还会有读者提出抗议；又如前几年还有关于当时的美国总统里根“根据星占学行事”的传闻，在报纸上闹得沸沸扬扬。此外还有出版星占学专业杂志的，开办星占学专门学校的，种种花样，不一而足。近年且有输入中国的端倪。

关键字：星占学 天文学 天象 科学研究

ABSTRACT

The ancients for the stars, the research object, have long been artificially divided the sky into several regions, China called star officer, western calls for constellation. The sky in ancient China can be divided into three walls, 20 BaSu, one of the earliest written records found in complete GuanShu shi-ji day ".The west is divided into 12 constellations, namely the ecliptic the zodiac. Also is the sun in the daytime running track after signs of the zodiac.
In the modern public, astrology (astrology) and astronomy (event) are obviously be something fundamentally different: the former is superstition and the latter is science. In history, however, is not the case. Until the Renaissance, and again a little later, some of the s star for scientists and astronomers cannot distinguish - they have always been of the same kind of person. The word "astronomical" has a history of two thousand years in China. In the yi jing retains the original use of the word. The journal is easy. Tuan. Ben said: the body of astronomy, ezer time-varying;View on humanity, into the world. "On the yi. Copulative" say again: Yu Tianwen of back to nature, prone to examine in geography.
Here refers to the meaning of "astronomical" are astronomical phenomena, including various kinds of celestial bodies are running in the sky on the rendered image, the image is called the "text". The ancients did astronomical phenomena, however, its purpose isn't to explore the natural mystery, but to see in the world from the astronomical turbid - this is the fundamental purpose of astrology. So in ancient China, the word "astronomical" usually refers to a crane or astronomical phenomena known to account for the personnel of the good or ill luck of learning, namely, astrology.

Astronomy and astronomer, to a great extent, is a set of modern ideas, the ancient is only astrology and star of scientists. We say the ancient star scientists and astronomers are same kind of people, mainly because, star of scientists really holds the astronomy knowledge (just a small part of the modern astronomy knowledge, mainly in astrometry) - this is their astrology activities necessary tools. Here need to pay special attention to is: the nature of an activity and the activity the tools needed to, and obviously cannot confuse STH with STH else. Unfortunately in the past a lot of publicity literature has caused a deep-rooted misunderstanding in the general public, seems to really have so a large number of ancient astronomers in engaged in exactly the same with today's astronomy nature science activities, which are not historical facts. Even in ancient times, astrology, their own subjective consciousness, he is also see their activities as to seek the "nature" as the great mysteries of turbid and predict the future; Are not as many modern book imposed on them, as for the so-called "scientific research".
There are also fuses iconic in astrology and astronomy to the relationship between alchemy and the relationship between the modern chemistry, this also is not very appropriate. Alchemy decline with the rise of modern chemistry, mainly appears as the latter replaced the former situation; And astrology in astronomy from its independence and the rapid development, there is not the decline and fall. In fact, astrology is still widely in Europe and the United States. Such as some newspapers published fortune-telling (") horoscope every day, even one day without load will have readers protested unexpectedly; And as there are a few years ago about the U.S. President Ronald Reagan "ACTS according to astrology" rumors, in the newspaper. And magazine publishing, astrology, astrology and special schools, all sorts of things, and so on. In recent years and has input Chinese.
Key words: astrology ;astronomy; astronomical; science

目录

摘要 I

ABSTRACT II

第一章 导 论 1

1.1 研究的意义与价值 1

第二章《史记·天官书》简介 3

2.1 中国古代天文学 3

2.2 《史记》的简介 4

2.3 《史记·天官书》的组成 4

2.4 《史记·天官书》的天象研究 5

第三章 现代西洋天文学对星区的划分 8

3.1星座的起源 8

3.2全天区的划分 8

3.3南区的划分 9

3.4北区的划分 10

3.5黄道的划分 10

第四章 史记天官书与现代星座的比较 12

4.1 中西方星占学发展比较 12

4.2 中西方星座对比 14

第五章 星区的划分对应的民族的文化 16

5.1 古巴比伦 16

5.2 希腊 18

5.3 埃及 18

5.4 中国 19

参考文献 22

第一章 导 论

1.1 研究的意义与价值

研究对于我们的生活有很大的实际意义，对于人类的自然观有很大的影响。古代的天文学家通过观测太阳、月球和其他一些天体及天象，确定了时间、方向和历法。这也是天体测量学的开端。如果从人类观测天体，记录天象算起，天文学的历史至少已经有5、6千年了。天文学在人类早期的文明史中，占有非常重要的地位。埃及的金字塔、欧洲的巨石阵都是很著名的史前天文遗址。哥白尼的日心说曾经使自然科学从神学中解放出来；康德和拉普拉斯关于太阳系起源的星云说，在十八世纪形而上学的自然观上打开了第一个缺口。

恒星或星座的起落在古代常常用于导航和时间的确定。古埃及通过观测天狼星的偕日升来确定一年的开始；在有些地区，通过恒星观测确定方位的古老技术仍有保存。星座及其本身代表的文学意象也常常出现在文人墨客的作品当中。太阳和月亮大概是人类最直接的、最大的而且关系最为密切的天体了！除了对人类的光明和热量外，它们还对人类有着相应的正面和负面的影响。

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