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摘 要

加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯是20世纪最有影响力的作家之一。《霍乱时期的爱情》一反他前期作品中的魔幻现实主义，采用了十九世纪欧洲艳情小说的传统写法，描绘出一个庞大的爱情世界。前人关于《霍乱时期的爱情》的研究不计其数，研究内容主要涉及人物塑造、主题刻画以及作品现实意义讨论，而本文则运用弗洛伊德的心理学理论对该文本中的主人公弗洛伦蒂诺进行人物分析。

本文将弗洛伦蒂诺的经历分为三个阶段，运用人格结构论依次分析每个阶段中人物的心理变化。在弗洛伦蒂诺的一生中，本我中爱的本能主要凸显在他与费尔明娜的初恋中。 而本我中的性本能则在第二阶段，即弗洛伦斯诺被抛弃之后的五十年，充分的释放出来。与此同时，超我的道德规范也在这个阶段发挥了极大地作用。在弗洛伦蒂诺沉迷于与其他女性的暧昧关系时，是超我维护了他的公众形象，使其给费尔明娜一个好的印象。在第三阶段，本我与超我的斗争依旧在继续，最终自我的调节，使得弗洛伦蒂诺决定与费尔明娜在挂有霍乱标志的船上永远的漂泊下去。

最后，作者希望该论文能够为《霍乱时期的爱情》中的人物研究提供新的视角，帮助读者更深层次地了解马尔克斯所塑造的人物，并在心理发展方面给读者启示。

关键词：《霍乱时期的爱情》 弗洛伦蒂诺 心理分析 心理变化

1. Introduction

• 1. About Gabriel García Márquezs

As an important part of the Latin American Boom of literature, Gabriel García Márquezs is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, he was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in his leaving law school for a career in journalism, and has written many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories. As an important part of the Latin American Boom of literature, his work has challenged critics of Colombian literature to step out of the conservative criticism that had been dominant before the success of One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). Since then, his works received much attention, including Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His works are notable for popularizing a literary style labeled as magic realism, which uses magical elements and events rather than ordinary and realistic situations and most of them express the theme of solitude.

1.2 About Love in the Time of Cholera

In 1985, Love in the Time of Cholera was first published in which Gabriel García Márquezs chose “love” as the subject and theme of his novel and abandoned the magic realism but adopt European traditional writing of erotic novels. This story is considered as a non-traditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'- in their seventies, when death is all around them". This novel takes the love between Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza which lasted half a century as the principle line. García Márquez once said Love in the Time of Cholera is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of his parents. And the love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. García Márquez notes, “Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people.”

In Love in the Time of Cholera, both Florentino and Fermina fell in love with each other in their youth. A secret relationship blossomed with the help of Fermina's Aunt Escolástica. They exchanged several love letters. However, Lorenzo Daza, found out the secret of the two young people, he forced his daughter to stop seeing Florentino immediately. When she refuses, he and his daughter traveled to his deceased wife's family in another city. Regardless of the distance, the two people continue to communicate via telegraph. However, upon her return, Fermina suddenly loses interest in Florentino. Afterward, Fermina married Dr. Juvenal Urbino with her father's persuasion and the security and wealth Urbino offered. After Fermina’s engagement and marriage, Florentino swore to stay faithful and wait for Fermina. However, his promiscuity got the better of him. Even with all the women he was with, he made sure that Fermina would never find out. In their elderly age, Urbino attempts to get his pet parrot out of his mango tree, only to fall off the ladder he was standing on and die. After the funeral, Florentino proclaims his love for Fermina and how he has stayed faithful to her again. Hesitant at first with the consideration of a newly-made widow, Fermina eventually remembers her love for him.

1.3 Purpose and significance of the Study

Love in the Time of Cholera is the world created by García Márquezs in which he describes almost all kinds of love. Consequently, every kind of love can be found in the book, Love in the Time of Cholera, with different processes and different results. Obviously, Florentino wins Márquezs’s favor. Throughout his whole life, Florentino experienced so many different kinds of love, no matter the loyal love, the furtive love, the Platonic Love or the libertine one. Florentino is indeed an arrestive character who has many experience about love. He keeps a place in his heart for his pure love and he also has o many lovers, including those who want to drive solitude away with his company and those who want to get something valuable from him.

Psychoanalysis, as a technique in psychology, now has been widely used in literature creation, focus on the analysis on the personality. With this technique, many characters are explored and show a new image. With this kind of analysis, we can figure out why Márquezs model such a character and how he endows this character with several traits and makes them harmonious but not inconsistent.

After beraking up with Fermina, Florentino stayed in a contradictory station. The superego made him extremely spoony while id labeled him promiscuous. However, Florentino was not restricted by superego to become an otherworldly saint and also did not indulge id to be a carnalist of love games. In fact, his ego worked a lot in such an adjusting. It is his ego that Florentino can possess a good public image. Facing the failure in love, Florentino accept the fact that Fermina had discarded him and she was almost impossible to be his wife. This failure also made Florentino aware that his erotism could not get satisfied from Fermina. With this understanding, he began to have affairs with other women to fulfill his instincts. At the same time, he should do all these ting carefully. This was superego’s requirements and restraint on id. That is the reason why Florentino can avoid the overt conflict with social morality.

This is the way that the id, ego and superego work on Florentino. It is the use of Structural theory that makes Florentino more visual. When we read this person from such an aspect, we can learn more about this person and know why Florentino did those things and what he thought when he did the thing. With this way, Márquezs created Florentino to make this character and the whole story more close to the reality. Through such a description, readers can find something related with themselves.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Previous studies on Love in The Time of Cholera

Love in The Time of Cholera was first published in Spanish in 1985. Alfred A. Knopf published an English translation in 1988, and an English-language movie adaptation was released in 2007. Till 2012, China introduced the copyright and this novel was familiar to many Chinese readers. This novel caused great repercussions with its publication. New York Times regarded this shining and heartbreaking novel as one of the greatest love stories in the world. Der Spiegel critiqued that Márquezs put love into salvation grace, a great power to make life significative. Such an attractive novel also arouses many scholars’ interest and many academic articles were published in which two perspectives gain more attention: thematic analysis and Characterization.

Quite a few scholars show great interest in thematic analysis, especially the relationship between love and death. Wang Ying (2013) thinks the description of different love does not only means the way to death but also shows us the deep and pure love to life. Zhang Rui (2013) classifies the theme into three aspects, cholera and love, loyalty and treachery, life and death. By analyzing the theme, what can be concluded is that love is a cholera in the life and the connection between love, life and death is different for everyone. For Florentino, love coexist with life. He can die for love when he was young and also he can vanquish the death for love. While on the contrary, Urbino does not have the courage to take the responsibility for love. Throughout the article, Zhang suggests that love is equal to death to some extent. Tan Qingyan (2009) also presents such an opinion. She makes an analysis on the different love and death in the novel to explore the underneath reasons, the social isolation. Tan also makes a comparative analysis of Florentino’s insistence in love and Doctor Urbino’s cowardice in love. The distinct comparing and other types of love in the novel draw forth the underneath reason. All the people who pursue love are yearning for life and the love is a kind of abreaction to the social isolation. The meaning of love and death is really a subject worth to study, while Raj Gaurav Verma (2013) gives another aspect in the thematic analysis. He studies the exhibition of the magic realism in the novel and shows us the principle line about the love between Fermina and Florentino. He shows us that without love all is futile, for neither Fermina in her loveless marriage nor Florentino in his loveless sex could find essence, an essence which could give meaning to their acts. At the end both of them accept each other. That’s where the life begins.

Some scholars focus on the Characters, especially the three main characters. Zhu Xishi and Qi Shuqin (2013) study from the perspective of feminism on Fermina. Through the marriage of Fermina, we can get a view of the weaknesses of human beings which are closely connected with social relationships. Facing the brutality of reality, love is sacrificed. Nobertus Riko Juni Andro (2013) makes an exploration on Florentino with psychological approach and self-actualization approach. He reveals how Florentino Ariza can achieve his self actualization within his loneliness. When Florentino failed in his first pure love, he felt lonely. For getting grid of such a loneliness, he had sex with 622 women. However, what he needs is not only the physiological satisfaction but also the psychological one. Zhang Huiyun (2006) pays more attention to Florentino. She gives a view from psychoanalysis and analyzes Florentino from Id, ego and superego to show us how Florentino can keep a perfect figure in public while he has a mussy relationship with 622 women on the sly. At the same time, he can also keep a pure place in his heart for his first lover. Such an ambivalent behaviors demonstrate that what the love means to Florentino.

For this novel with the background of cholera and the other main character is a doctor, so some scholars choose to analyze the illnesses in the novel, for example, Charles L. Briggs studies how Dr. Juvenal Urbino fight with death and keep himself healthy. Some other scholars compare the symptoms of cholera to the process of love.

2.2 Previous studies on psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources. Many scholars regard it as a pseudoscience. However, till now, the psychoanalysis is still used widely in literature, philosophy and psychology. Langs R defines that “Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the analytic patient verbally expresses his thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems”. “ Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can hypothesize how unconsciously patients are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources”. In literature, the theories which are widely used include Topographic theory, Structural theory and the Oedipus complex. As the main technique used in analyzing Florentino, Structural theory is the key to the deep understanding of the psychological changes and underneath impetus of these changes.

Structural theory divides the psyche into the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called "Triebe": unorganized and unconscious. It operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urgings of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, self-criticism and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop. The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious.

In different novel, the structural theory can be manifested in different ways. In some stories, the three things are distributed into three kinds of person. In analyzing A Rose for Emily, Emily represents the id, Emily’s cousins and the new aldermen stand for superego and the citizens in the town are the symbol of ego. The three restrict each other to make the town in peace.

The id, ego and superego also can be manifested in another way. In other stories, this three gradations of psyche are concentrated in one main character. By analyzing the three parts of psyche, we can make out the mental struggle of the character. For example, in Love in the Time of Cholera, at the first period, Florentino’s love to Fermina is impelled by id. With the instinctive desire, Florentino shows his love as mad as a hatter and he cannot control himself to do anything stupid to fantasy his lover. This shows us the strength of id and tells us that id also has two different parts, rational and irrational. Rational part prompts Florentino to discover love, while the irrational part lures him to drink perfume and eat flowers to fantasy the smell of his lover. Afterwards, Fermina Daza terminates the connection with Florentino and gets married with Dr. Urbino. In the next few decades, Florentino always experiences the struggle of id, ego and superego. He captures all kinds of a women but at the same time, he still keeps a good reputation in the town. On the one hand, Florentino indulges his id to make merry, on the other hand, he is also affected by his ego, which is the suppression by superego to id, so he can be cautious in public to maintain his good image. Throughout the half century’s love, Florentino experiences too much struggle of the superego and id. Therefore, it is of vital importance to conduct a psychoanalysis on Florentino in Love in The Time of Cholera. By making out the changes of Florentino’s mind, the study hopes much more attention should be paid to the issues of pure love and figure out the patience and insistence in love.

3. Florentino: A Psychoanalytical Interpretation

In Love in the Time of Cholera, Florentino, as the main character, is ambivalent in his psychology and his behaviors. The Psychoanalysis of Freud provide an unique perspective on this contradiction.

3.1 Freud’s theory on psychoanalysis

3.1.1 Definition of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, also known as "depth psychology", it does not only just introduce the surface of the psychological phenomenon, but also analysis the spiritual roots behind the psychological phenomenon. Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources. Many scholars regard it as a pseudoscience. However, till now, the psychoanalysis is still used widely in literature, philosophy and psychology. Langs R defines that “Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a specific type of treatment in which the analytic patient verbally expresses his thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst induces the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and interprets them for the patient to create insight for resolution of the problems”. “ Through the analysis of conflicts, including those contributing to resistance and those involving transference onto the analyst of distorted reactions, psychoanalytic treatment can hypothesize how unconsciously patients are their own worst enemies: how unconscious, symbolic reactions that have been stimulated by experience are causing symptoms. Psychoanalysis has received criticism from a wide variety of sources”. In literature, the theories which are widely used include Topographic theory, Structural theory and the Oedipus complex. As the main technique used in analyzing Florentino, Structural theory is the key to the deep understanding of the psychological changes and underneath impetus of these changes.

3.1.2 Structural theory of psychoanalysis

In 1923, Freud put forward the theory of personality structure in the preface of The Ego and The Id. He divided the theory into the "Id", "ego" and "superego" three parts.

“Id” is instinct and located in the bottom of the personality. It is completely in hidden consciousness. “Id” is immoral and is the manifestation of the instinct and the desire, providing energy for the psychological activity. “Id” urges us to make a decision to pursue pleasure and avoid bitter. Our psychological activities are adjusted under the principle of the pleasure automatically.

“Ego” faces to the reality and it is developed by learning. It is a part of conscious structure. It is considered that “Id” cannot get in touch with the reality. It is “ego” that makes a connection between the two things. As individual aging, they gradually learn that they cannot do as they wish and they gradually learn to consider the consequences and the role of reality. Such psychological state is “Ego”. Following the reality principe, “ego” is based on real circumstance to adjust the relationship between “Id” and the outside world and “ego” meets the needs of “Id” under the premise of not causing large pain.

Following the moral principle, “superego” is a practitioner of social norms, and also supervises and controls “Id”, preventing “ego” satisfied the need of “Id”. "superego" uses ego-ideal to establish goal and ride herd on the process, ensuring the behavior conforming to the norm and eventually making the individual perfect.

3.2 Psychoanalysis of Florentino

Florentino Ariza, the main character in this novel, is the only child born of an occasional alliance between Transito Ariza and the well-known shipowner Don Pius V Loayza. He lived with his mother, because Don Pius V Loayza never recoginzed him as his son before the law, although he always took care of his expenses in secret. Florentino is smart and he knew a lot. This makes him popular in his social circle. However, from the moment he met Fermina Daza, Florentino’s peaceful life underwent an earthshaking change. After Florentino encountered Fermina, his life becomes undulant. We can roughly divide Florentino’s life into three periods, which will clearly show us the changing process of his state of mind. Throughout this novel, we can figure out that for Florentino, his id is strong and his superego is also tough. It is the struggle of id and superego that make Florentino special and captivating.

3.2.1 The instinct of love

In The Ego And The Id, Freud said that the ego is a part of id, which is transformed under the influence of the perceptual system. So Freud put forward an opinion that ego and id are both affected by instincts which can be divided into two kinds. The first kind is eros or sexual instincts and the second one is sadism. With the exploitation of this two instincts, people will get some changes in his personalities.

Before Florentino Ariza encountered Fermina Daza, his id and superego are in a balance. He was “the most sought-after young man in his social circle” (Gabriel 66). He was smart and he learned the Morse code and the workings of the telegraph system. He knew how to dance the latest dances. He can also play the violin by ear like a professional and recited the poetry by heart. All of these show us that at that time, Florentino is satisfied with his peaceful life. The two kinds of instincts are not exploited and the development of his personality is well-balanced.

However, the appearance of Fermina Daza awoke Florentino’s instincts of love. About the encounter of the two people, Gabriel García Márquezs summarized in one word, “that casual glance was beginning of a cataclysm of love that still had not ended half a century later” (68). It is Fermina’s glance that awoke Florentino’s instincts and made it exploited rapidly. At the moment that Florentino realized the exist of love, his id developed rapidly and crazily and manipulated his behaviors. In the developmental infancy, Florentino can stay reason basically. He tried every means to get in touch with Fermina. He got a seat in the little park which the girl would pass everyday. “Just seeing the girl was enough for him” (Gabriel69). Florentino was hooked on the girl and he idealized her little by little, endowing her with improbable virtues and imaginary sentiments. With the development of infatuation, Florentino began to write something.he wrote several more pages before going to bed. After a long preparation, Florentino wrote a letter with 70 sheets, but at last he just gave Fermina a half page in which he promised only what was essential. All those behaviors show us that the instincts of love are awaken and Florentino began show his love bashfully and valiantly.

If Florentino’s behaviors before sending the letter were defined as the awakening of eros, his acts in waiting for the answer represent the awareness of sadism. When Florentino waited for the reply, he was so anxious that he became disoriented and suffered sudden fainting spells. His godfather concluded that Florentino was in the symptoms of love which were the same as those of cholera. While his mother and his godfather tried to comfort him, Florentino longed to enjoy his martyrdom. This is the beginning of his auto-sadism and it is also the beginning of his irrational behaviors. Here, auto-sadism, related to self-harm, means behaviour inflicting pain or humiliation on oneself. When he gave the letter to Fermina, he was firstly close to the girl and got the floral scent of the girl. At the period that he recovered from the symptoms of love and waited for the answer, he gave into his desire to eat the gardenias to remember Fermina’s scent. He also drank a liter bottle of the cologne to be drunk on Fermina Daza. The things Florentino did in waiting for the answer are out of control gradually. After a long noop and his stringent asking for Fermina’s reply, Floerntino got the letter from Fermina which made him delirious with joy. Florentino must be possessed that he ate roses and read the note letter and letter. Naturally, it was the year they fell into devastating love. We defined this period as the awakening of sadism for the reason that Florentino kept in touch with Fermina regardless of his health. They wrote letters to each other crazily. Compared with Fermina, Florentino burned himself alive in every line while Fermina took it as a pastime. He can play the violin whole the night in the place closed to Fermina’s house, just for thanksgiving for the petals from her herbarium and the letters. In the two years, Florentino’s instincts of love are developed vastly. To some extent, this unconstrained instincts control Florentino’s behavior and provide him much courage.

The three-years contact made Florentino satisfied and happy. He even decided to marry Fermina. So when Florentino was took by Lorenzo Daza and asked to have a man-to-man talk with him, he was worried and unprepared. However, under the instincts of love, Florentino refused to break up with Fermina, even facing to the menace of the revolver. At that time, the courage and the faith to love that the instincts provided for him became strong and committed. And the next chace showing the strong power of instincts was at the period that Lorenzo Daza took his daughter away on the journey. At that period, Florentino made the best of the advantages of his occupation. He established an extensive brotherhood of telegraph operators and followed the whole trail of Fermina Daza. This completely shows that the instincts are unconstrained. When Florentino’s love is blocked by external factors, for example, Lorenzo, he will find another way to keep his love alive under the instigation of id. The instincts of love break through the constraints and help Florentino seek for happiness and satisfaction with its irrational force.

3.2.2 Flounder between allegiance and self-indulgence

Every appearance of Fermina Daza all bring some huge changes to Florentino. It is obvious that the first appearance of Fermina led Florentino into the world of love and stimulated the awakening of his id. So when Fermina came back after a long and tough trip, Florentino received the second huge turn in his life. When Fermina met with Florentino at the Arcade of the Scribes, she suddenly realized that what is between them was nothing more than an illusion. This unexpected break-up put Florentino on the verge of madness. He wrote her countless desperate letters, however, Fermina did not accept anything but the returned gifts. After few-days stalemate, this relationship was ended with the return of Fermina’s braid.

With the death of the love and the news that Fermina was going to marry, Florentino was totally in the prostration. He had lost his speech and his appetite and was spending nights on the end in constant weeping. Considering his heath, his mother decided to arrange him a curative journey. For Florentino, This journey was the beginning of his flounder between allegiance and self-indulgence. During the journey, Florentino prayed to the God that the lightning would strike Fermina Daza at the weeding. At that revengeful fantasy, his jealousy took possession of his soul. The instincts of love are transformed into the instincts of hatred. However, the unique feature of Florentino was firstly revealed at this time. His superego, which is governed by moral principle, curbed the wickedness timely. “Once his revenge was consummated, however, he repented of his own wickedness” (Gabriel 180). This is the suppression and blame that superego put on id.

The journey brought him not only the determination that he would never abandon the city of Fermina, but also the loss of his virginity. It was the accident that made Florentino realize that “his illusory love for Fermina Daza could be replaced by an earthly passion” (Gabriel 176). Back to the city, the misunderstanding that Fermina would stay in Europe for many years filles Florentino with his first hope of forgetting. Freud put much emphasis on the effect of sexual instincts. He believe id harbors libidos, the drive of erotism. There are at least three ways to release libidos which are depressed in the depth of unconsciousness. The first way is the interior adjustment of the psychological structure, for example, the ego and superego play a role of restriction to surmount id before the releasing of libidos. The second one is placing the depressed desire on the opposite sex to satisfy the lust. The last one is to distract the focus. Apparently, Florentino chose the second way. He placed the pent-up desire on numerous women. Once his desire break out, Florentino will capture all kinds of women overwhelmingly, including the old women, maiden, widow, lunatic and prostitute.

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