摘 要

随着汽车产业的不断发展，汽车动力性和经济性以外的各项性能评价指标也越来越成为人们购车时的考虑因素。橡胶隔振器作为汽车中最为主要的隔振元件，对操纵稳定性、舒适性和噪声等性能评价指标都有着重大影响。橡胶隔振器的隔振率可以直观的表现橡胶隔振器的隔振性能，研究橡胶隔振器隔振率的影响因素对于橡胶隔振器的优化设计有着重要意义。

本文利用有限元分析方法对橡胶隔振器的静态特性和动态特性进行研究。设计搭建一试验台架，实现橡胶隔振器的径向、轴向加载及刚度的测量；基于超弹性模型，建立橡胶隔振器的仿真模型，进行刚度仿真；基于弹性力学，进行隔振率仿真；利用试验台架进行橡胶隔振器的测试试验；比较分析仿真结果和试验结果，总结隔振率影响规律进而提出改进的橡胶隔振器的设计思路，为以后的橡胶隔振器设计制造安装提供参考。

首先，设计专用夹具实现橡胶隔振器在试验台架上的装夹，利用万能试验机实现芯轴的径向、轴向的加载，利用传感器测量橡胶隔振器内圈外圈参考点的力和位移，计算刚度。利用AutoCAD软件和手绘绘制完成工程图。

其次，基于超弹性模型，利用有限元软件Abaqus建立橡胶隔振器仿真模型，进行静态和动态仿真分析，计算刚度和隔振率。发现橡胶隔振器的刚度曲线是非线性的，但在小位移范围内近似为线性，隔振率随载荷频率的增大而减小，但在载荷频率接近橡胶隔振器固有频率时隔振率会急剧减小。

然后，利用设计的试验台架，测试橡胶隔振器刚度。发现橡胶隔振器在小位移范围内的刚度曲线为线性，静刚度值为定值。

最后，比较仿真结果和试验结果，分析仿真和试验的一致性和差异性，总结橡胶隔振器隔振率的影响规律。如果提高橡胶隔振器的固有频率将使橡胶隔振器的隔振率维持在一个较高水平。

关键词：橡胶隔振器，刚度，隔振率，有限元分析

Abstract

With the continuous development of the automobile industry, various performance evaluation indicators other than automobile power and economy have become more and more considerations when people buy cars. As the most important vibration isolation component in automobiles, rubber bushings have a significant impact on performance evaluation indicators such as handling stability, comfort and noise. The vibration isolation rate of the rubber bushing can directly express the vibration isolation performance of the rubber bushing. Studying the influencing factors of the vibration isolation rate of the rubber bushing is of great significance for the optimal design of the rubber bushing.

In this paper, the finite element analysis method is used to study the static and dynamic characteristics of rubber bushing. Design and build a test rig to realize the radial, axial loading and stiffness measurement of the rubber bushing; based on the superelastic model, establish a simulation model of the rubber bushing to simulate the stiffness; based on the elastic mechanics, the vibration isolation rate Simulation; test test of rubber bushing by test rig; compare and analyze simulation results and test results, summarize the influence law of vibration isolation rate and propose the design idea of ​​improved rubber bushing, design and manufacture of rubber bushing Installation provides a reference.

Firstly, the special fixture is designed to realize the clamping of the rubber bushing on the test rig. The universal test machine is used to realize the radial and axial loading of the mandrel, and the force of the reference point of the outer ring of the inner ring of the rubber bushing is measured by the sensor. And displacement, calculate stiffness. Use AutoCAD software and hand-drawn drawing to complete the drawing.

Secondly, based on the superelastic model, the finite element software Abaqus is used to establish the rubber bushing simulation model, static and dynamic simulation analysis, and the stiffness and vibration isolation rate are calculated. It is found that the stiffness curve of the rubber bushing is nonlinear, but it is approximately linear in the small displacement range, and the vibration isolation rate decreases with the increase of the load frequency, but the vibration isolation rate when the load frequency is close to the natural frequency of the rubber bushing. Will be drastically reduced.

Then, the stiffness of the rubber bushing was tested using the designed test bench. It is found that the stiffness curve of the rubber bushing in the small displacement range is linear, and the static stiffness value is a fixed value.

Finally, the simulation results and test results are compared, the consistency and difference of simulation and test are analyzed, and the influence law of the vibration isolation rate of rubber bushing is summarized. If the natural frequency of the rubber bushing is increased, the vibration isolation rate of the rubber bushing will be maintained at a high level.

Key words: Rubber Bushing, Stiffness, Vibration Isolation Rate, Finite Element Analysis

目 录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景与意义 1

1.2 国内外研究现状 1

1.3 软件介绍 3

1.4 本文主要研究内容 4

第2章 设计橡胶隔振器试验台架 5

2.1 试验台架的设计 5

2.2 试验结果分析 6

2.3 小结 8

第3章 建立橡胶隔振器仿真模型及静态分析 9

3.1 建立橡胶隔振器三维几何模型 9

3.2 材料属性 9

3.3 静态分析 11

3.4 结果比较 18

3.5 小结 19

第4章 橡胶隔振器动态分析 20

4.1 隔振率 20

4.2 网格划分 20

4.3 边界条件及载荷的施加 20

4.4 仿真结果 21

4.5 小结 30

第5章 结论及展望 31

5.1 结论 31

5.2 展望 32

参考文献 33

致 谢 35

第1章 绪论

研究背景与意义

随着汽车产业的不断发展，汽车的性能评价指标已不仅局限于动力性和燃油经济性，如制动性、操纵稳定性、行驶平顺性、舒适性、通过性以及排放和噪声等性能评价指标也越来越成为人们购车时的考虑因素，影响人们的选择。而橡胶隔振器作为汽车中最为主要的隔振元件，在汽车各隔振系统中都扮演着非常重要的角色，对操纵稳定性、舒适性和噪声等性能评价指标都有着重大影响。^[1-2]汽车橡胶隔振器的设计优化也成为汽车整车优化的一个重要课题。

目前应用最多的一类橡胶隔振器以金属件为骨架，橡胶为弹性元件，用硫化粘结在一起制成，多用于机器隔振。荷载较大时，做成承压式；较小时做成剪切型。橡胶隔振器的主要特点是：制造方便，且可制成各种形式，以便自由选取三个方向的刚度；具有适量的阻尼，可以吸收振动能量，尤其是高频振动能量；振动机械在通过共振区时，甚至在接近共振区时也能安全地使用，不会产生过大的振动；能使高频的结构噪声显著降低，对控制噪声极为有利；抗冲击性能也较佳。^[2]另外目前较先进的橡胶隔振器有金属橡胶隔振器^[3-5]和液阻型橡胶隔振器等^[1-2]。