摘 要

随着全球经济贸易的腾飞，船舶航运需求日益增加，由海洋污损生物对船舶侵蚀所造成的损失已经越来越引起人们的重视，海洋附着生物会导致船舶船体自身的重量增加，对船舶的航行产生阻力，增加燃料的消耗，加快船壳的腐蚀，导致穿孔，减少船舶的使用寿命。海洋附着生物的种类多种多样，对海洋污损生物进行有效的防除十分必要，不仅可以解决很多船舶航行时遇到的由污损带来的问题，也可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力。因此，针对有效的船舶防污方法的研究对于防止海洋污损生物的附着有着十分重要的意义。

本文讨论了船舶绿色防污在船舶节能减排中的重要作用，比较分析了现有的各种海洋防污技术的特点。船舶绿色防污的方法很多，涂敷防污涂料法和结构仿生防污法是目前较为流行的防污方法，其中结构仿生防污法是一种高效、无毒、环境友好且可持续发展型防污手段。当前对于结构仿生防污的研究大多集中在大型海洋动物，如鲨鱼、鲸鱼以及海豚等，并已经取得了较为显著的研究成果。而不同尺度的污损生物的附着情况不尽相同，因此，开展对其他具有抗附着性能的海洋生物如海洋贝类的表面形貌研究有着十分重大的意义。海洋贝类与鲨鱼、海豚不同，一般贝壳表面无粘液分布，且贝壳在海洋中静止、不移动，生存状态与船舶在港状态类似，因此作为研究对象更为直观。

着重介绍了实验所用的扫描电子显微镜的相关原理、结构，为测量贝壳表面形貌进行基础铺垫。选取了几种具有代表型的常见海洋贝类作为实验样品，采用扫面电子显微镜法测量了几种贝壳表面形貌微结构，取得扫描成像，观察其表面微结构。结合附着点理论，研究了贝壳表面形貌与防污性能之间的关系，所得结果对于贝壳表面形貌与防污性能的关系研究有着重要的指导意义，为贝壳仿生防污材料的制备提供理论依据。

关键词：海洋污损生物；船舶防污；贝壳；表面形貌；防污性能

Abstract

With the global economic and trade takeoff, increasing ship shipping demand, the loss caused by marine fouling organisms on ship erosion has attracted more and more attention. Marine attachments will cause the ship's hulls own weight to increase. Sailing resistance, increase fuel consumption, speed up the hull corrosion, leading to perforation, reducing the service life of the ship. It is necessary to effectively control the marine fouling creatures. It can not only solve the problems caused by the pollution caused by many ships, but also save a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. Therefore, the study of effective antifouling methods for ships is of great importance in preventing the attachment of marine fouling organisms.

This paper discusses the important role of ship green pollution prevention in the energy saving and emission reduction of ships, and analyzes the characteristics of various marine antifouling technologies. The method of antifouling is very popular, and the antifouling method is a kind of high efficiency, nontoxic, environment-friendly and sustainable development type. Antifouling means. At present, most of the researches on structural bionic pollution prevention are concentrated in large marine animals such as sharks, whales and dolphins, and have made remarkable achievements. However, it is of great significance to study the surface morphology of other marine organisms such as marine shellfish with anti-adhesion properties. Marine shellfish and sharks, dolphins, the general shell surface without mucus distribution, and the shell in the ocean in the static, do not move, the state of life and ship in Hong Kong similar to the state, so as the object of study more intuitive.

The relevant principle and structure of the scanning electron microscope used in the experiment are introduced, and the foundation of the shell surface is measured. Several typical marine shellfish with representative representations were selected as experimental samples. Microstructure of several shells were measured by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning images were obtained and their surface microstructures were observed. Based on the theory of attachment point, the relationship between the surface morphology and the antifouling performance of the shell is studied. The results are of great significance to the study of the relationship between shell surface morphology and antifouling performance, and provide the theory for the preparation of shell biomimetic antifouling materials in accordance with.

Key words:Marine fouling organisms; ship pollution; shell; surface morphology; antifouling properties

目录

摘 要 3

Abstract 4

目录 5

第1章 绪论 6

1.1 论文研究的目的和意义 6

1.2 国内外研究现状 6

1.2.1 表面形貌防污的研究与发展 6

1.2.2 表面形貌防污的研究现状 7

1.2.3 表面形貌的测量方法 8

1.3 主要研究内容 8

第2章 海洋生物污损与船舶绿色防污 9

2.1 海洋生物污损及其危害 9

2.2 船舶防污技术 10

2.3 结构仿生防污 11

2.3.1 植物仿生防污涂料 11

2.3.2 动物仿生防污涂料 12

2.4 本章小结 14

第3章 贝壳表面形貌的测量 15

3.1 贝壳表面形貌研究的意义 15

3.2 贝壳表面形貌测量仪器 15

3.2.1 扫描电子显微镜 15

3.2.2 扫描电子显微镜的工作原理 16

3.2.3 扫描电镜的结构与应用 16

3.3 几种贝壳表面形貌的测量 17

3.3.1 紫贻贝表面形貌的测量分析 17

3.3.2 日本镜蛤的表面形貌测量分析 18

3.3.3 翡翠贻贝表面形貌的测量分析 19

3.3.4 魁蚶表面形貌的测量与分析 20

3.4 几种贝壳表面微结构与防污性能之间的关系 20

3.5 本章小结 21

第4章 结论与展望 22

4.1 结论 22

4.2 展望 22

致谢 23

参考文献 24

第1章 绪论

1.1 论文研究的目的和意义

海洋中的动、植、微生物附着于船舶上，会对船舶性能产生影响，导致船舶航速降低、能耗增加以及船体逐渐腐蚀。这类海洋生物造成的污损，称为生物污损^[1]。为了防止和消除此类污损所带来的不良影响，进行船舶防污相关的研究是很有必要的。

在众多的防污手段中，涂防污涂料进行防污是目前较为流行的防污方法^[2]。常用的防污涂料含有机锡和氧化二铜，均为有毒物质，对海洋环境造成严重的污染，并且被证实有机锡能导致海洋生物发生遗传基因变异，使其产生畸变。因此，有机锡防污涂料将逐步推出历史舞台，而研究新的高效、绿色、无毒的防污方法将会是人所共同关注的课题。

结构仿生防污是近年来所研发出的一种有效的防污手段，材料表面形貌的差异对海洋污损生物附着存在一定的影响，这一理论正在被人们逐渐接受。现如今已经有很多集中在模仿大型海洋生物如鲨鱼、海豚等生物表皮微结构的研究，认为其表皮的特殊结构可以有效抑制海洋生物附着^[3]。