摘 要

科技的发展使经济快速增长。以模拟控制形式的船舶系统，在当今时代已经无法满足各类船舶的运行需要。在此基础，快速发展的，数字化控制系统技术，正逐步在船舶上应用。在船舶上，各种电子设备之间，都存在接口信号不统一的问题，本课题所要解决的问题，就是信号不统一。为比较好的解决这个问题，试设计系统。完成信号的采集和处理，使之输出标准的信号，以满足设备间的通讯。NMEA-0183是符合国际船级社要求的型号类型。我们的设备就是要符合这个要求。

在船舶系统中，有很多类控制电机。下文主要介绍两种电机，并以他们为对象，来设计满足使用要求的系统。

自整角机，一种实现电信号，向角度信号转换的电机。它的感应式特性，使得它被广泛是运用在不同的电路系统中。有电路联系的自整角机，不仅可以实现多轴联动，还可以实现远距离信号传送。自整角机的相电压，属于模拟信号。这个模拟信号，里面可以读取出轴角信号。轴角信号经隔离电路后转换为，成为简单的正余弦信号。两个信号发送到，数字式的轴角转换电路。经AT89C51处理转换后，经串口向外面输出信号。此时信号是符合规范的信号格式。

步进电机。步进电机的最明显特征是开环控制。主要功能是脉冲信号的转化。执行的是，位移信号的变化。在电机内部的，用进制格雷码来，代替每一相的电压信号。采集罗经发来的信号，进行降压处理后。执行完航向增减之后，将信号直接送至单片机输入引脚。经程序处理后，出口处是NMEA-0183信号。

在整个系统的核心部分就是AT89C51。为避免正切值大于1，采取对自整角机信号，区间实行简单的重新规划。在360º范围内，只选取0-45º。只求的反正切角，再根据换算公式，把角度值求出来。步进电机信号，总是与航向变化量对应的，而且不用求，只要是1度之内的变化都可以查表。新航向的变化是有规律的，总是在前一个时刻的，航向基础上作出增减应答。

如果将这些信号，都接入到设计的电路中。由专门的采集电路。即可从AT89C51输出端口接收到NMEA0183信号。MNEA-1083本设计所要的格式。为完成信号的标准化处理，本论文需要做以下几个工作：

第一部分就是电机原理介绍：了解和研究这两种电机对应的信号特点，设计特定的信号采集的系统。

第二部分系统硬件部分设计：主要是单片机的外围电路设计，两种电机信号采集电路。外加串口通讯电路的设计和实现。

第三部分系统软件部分设计：分析信号的处理方法和算法，设计系统主程序、信号处理程序、串口通讯程序等。

第四部分抗干扰技术：包括了系统的硬件抗干扰和软件抗干扰。

重点名词：自整角机、步进电机、单片机、NMEA-0183信号、抗干扰

Abstract

The development of science and technology to the rapid economic growth. The ship system in the form of simulated control has been unable to meet the operational needs of various ships in the present era. On this basis, the rapid development of digital control system technology is being gradually applied on ships. In the ship, a variety of electronic devices, there is no uniform signal interface problem, the subject to solve the problem, that is, the signal is not uniform. For a better solution to this problem, try to design the system. Complete the signal acquisition and processing, so that the output of the standard signal to meet the communication between devices. NMEA-0183 is a model type that complies with the requirements of International Classification Society. Our equipment is to meet this requirement.

   In the ship system, there are many types of control motor. The following describes the two motors, and to them as the object, to design to meet the requirements of the system.

   Synchro machine, a motor that converts electrical signals to angle signals. Its inductive characteristics make it widely used in different circuit systems. There are circuit-linked angle machine, not only can achieve multi-axis linkage, but also can achieve long-distance signal transmission. Synchro machine phase voltage, are analog signals. This analog signal, which can read out the angle signal. The axis signal is converted to a simple cosine signal by an isolated circuit. Two signals are sent to the digital axis conversion circuit. After processing by AT89C51 conversion, the serial port to the outside of the output signal. At this point the signal is in line with the standard signal format.

   Stepper motor. The most obvious feature of stepper motors is open-loop control. The main function is the conversion of the pulse signal. The execution is the change of the displacement signal. Inside the motor, use the grayscale code to replace the voltage signal for each phase. Collecting the signal from the compass, after the antihypertensive treatment. After executing the heading change, send the signal directly to the microcontroller input pin. After the program is processed, the exit is NMEA-0183 signal.

   The core part of the whole system is AT89C51. To avoid tangent values greater than 1, take a simple re-planning for the Synchro signal, the interval is implemented. In the 360º range, select only 0-45º. Just cut the corners, and then according to the conversion formula, the angle value to find out. Stepper motor signal, always with the course of the corresponding amount of change, and do not need, as long as the changes within 1 degree can look up the table. The change in the new course is regular, always in the previous moment, on the basis of the road to make a change response.

If these signals are connected to the design of the circuit. By a dedicated collection circuit. The NMEA0183 signal can be received from the AT89C51 output port. MNEA-1083 The format required for this design. In order to complete the standardization of the signal processing, this paper needs to do the following work:

The first part is the introduction of the principle of the motor: to understand and study the signal characteristics of these two motors, the design of a specific signal acquisition system.

  The second part of the system hardware part of the design: the main circuit is the microcontroller circuit design, two motor signal acquisition circuit. Design and Implementation of Serial Communication Circuit.

  The third part of the system software part of the design: analysis of signal processing methods and algorithms, the main system design procedures, signal processing procedures, serial communication procedures.

  The fourth part of the anti-jamming technology: including the system's hardware anti-jamming and software anti-jamming.

Key words: Synchro, stepper motor, single chip, NMEA-0183 signal, anti-jamming

目录

第一章 绪论 1

第一节 选题背景及意义 1

第二节 发展现状和趋势 1

第三节 本论文的任务 2

第二章 自整角机、步进电机介绍 3

第一节 自整角机的分类和特点 3

第二节 自整角机的工作原理及应用 3

第三节 步进电机应用及特点 6

第四节 步进电机的动态指标 6

第三章 系统硬件设计和实现系统的基本构建 8

第一节 系统基本构建 8

第二节 AT89C51单片机的结构特点与工作原理 9