摘 要

电动汽车使用电能作为动力能源，极好的解决了传统汽车所造成的能源短缺和环境污染问题，电动汽车已成为汽车产业的发展方向。电动轮汽车是电动汽车中的一种，其电机布置在车轮内、轮边或是车桥，省去了动力传动装置，节省大量空间，同时四轮独立驱动更容易实现精确控制，电动轮汽车因此成为电动汽车产业的发展方向。

本文主要研究了电动轮汽车几大领域内的关键技术，分析优点与不足然后提出自己的建议。首先从电动轮总成出发，分析轮毂电机、传动机构以及制动器等结构的最新技术的优缺点；其次，论述了整车底盘布置方面在最近几年内的关键技术，分析与传统底盘布置的区别；再次，结合电动轮汽车的四轮独立驱动控制方案的一些研究，从控制方式、目的等方面进行分析比较；最后，分析电动轮汽车能从哪些方面做出突破，对电动汽车未来的发展方向提出一些建议。

研究的成果表明：电动轮总成技术方面存在的主要问题是质量的增加和空间的有限性，在轻量化和小型化上还要继续改进。底盘布置方面主要是悬架的结构，将单节臂改为双节臂或是改进电机将簧下质量转化为簧载质量是不错的思路，但仍存在一定的问题。四轮独立驱动控制策略主要是使用转矩控制，难点在于各种复杂工况下的控制，对技术的要求较高。

本文的特色在于：结合最近的研究成果，系统的将电动轮汽车最新技术与传统技术作比较，在分析优点的同时也不忘发现问题，在自己分析的上对电动轮汽车技术的发展提出建议。

关键词：轮毂电机；底盘布置；悬架构型；控制策略

Abstract

Electric vehicles use electricity as a power source, which is an excellent solution to energy shortages and environmental pollution problems caused by the traditional car. Electric vehicles have become the development direction of the automotive industry. Electric wheel car is a kind of electric vehicles, its motor is arranged in the wheel, wheel side or axle. It eliminates the need for power transmission, and save a lot of space for other structures. At the same time, four-wheel independent drive is easier to achieve precise control, therefore electric wheel car has become the development direction of electric vehicle industry.

This paper mainly studies the key technology of electric wheel automobile in several major fields, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages and then puts forward my own suggestions. First of all, it starts from the electric wheel assembly, analyzes advantages and disadvantages of the wheel motor, transmission, brake and other related new technology. Secondly, it discusses the key technologies of vehicle chassis layout in recent years and analyzes the difference with the traditional chassis layout. Again, according to some research for four-wheel independent drive control program, analyze and comparison from the control mode, purpose, and other aspects. Finally, this paper analyzes the aspects of electric wheel vehicles from which to make a breakthrough, make some suggestions about the development direction of electric vehicles on the future.

The results of the study show that: The main problems with the technical aspects of electric wheel assembly are the increase in quality and the limited space, it need to continue to improve the lightweight and miniaturization.For chassis layout, mainly the structure of the suspension, changing the single arm to double arm or improving motor to converts the under sprung mass into sprung mass are good ideas. The four-wheel independent drive control strategy is mainly using torque control, the difficulty lies in the control at various complex conditions, which requires a higher skill.

In this paper, the characteristics are: I systematically compare the latest technology of electric wheel vehicles with traditional technology according to the recent research results, and analyze its advantages and do not forget to find the problem.At last, I make some suggestions about the development of electric wheel vehicle technology according to my analysis.

Key Words：in-wheel motor；chassis layout；suspension configuration；control strategy

目 录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 电动轮汽车发展的背景 1

1.2 本文研究的意义 2

1.3 研究的主要内容 2

第2章 电动轮总成的结构与布置型式 4

2.1 轮毂电机的结构形式 4

2.1.1 直接驱动的外转子轮毂电机 4

2.1.2 减速驱动的内转子轮毂电机 6

2.2 轮边电机的结构形式 6

2.2.1 电机充当动力吸振器的轮边驱动系统 7

2.2.2 轮边异步电机的结构 7

2.3 传动机构在电动轮中的应用 8

2.3.1 无减速器的电动轮结构 8

2.3.2 带减速器的电动轮结构 9

2.4 电动轮的制动方案 10

2.4.1 基于轮毂电机的摩擦-电磁复合制动器 10

2.4.2 基于轮边电机的电机轴制动器 11

2.4.3 再生制动系统 12

2.5 本章小结 13

第3章 分布式底盘布置形式与特点 14

3.1 基于轮毂电机的底盘布置 14

3.1.1 基于单双节臂的悬架构型改进 14

3.1.2 悬架结构的减振技术 18

3.2 基于轮边电机的底盘布置 20

3.3 本章小结 21

第4章 四轮驱动独立控制 22

4.1 基于转矩分配的控制策略 22

4.1.1 以提高操纵性为目标的转矩控制 22

4.1.2 以提高防滑稳定性为目标的转矩控制 23

4.1.3 以轮胎负荷率最低为目标的转矩控制 24

4.2 基于转速分配的控制策略 25

4.3 转矩分配与转速分配的比较分析 26

第5章 结论与展望 28

5.1结论 28

5.2展望 28

参考文献 29

致谢 30