电动汽车车架轻量化设计及其有限元仿真验证毕业论文
2021-03-21 21:14:36
摘 要
纯电动汽车因为以蓄电池作为动力源,蓄电池质量大的特点造成了纯电动汽车整车质量大的缺陷,从而影响整车性能,不利于续航里程的提高。汽车底盘的车架是整车的基本承载载体,汽车各个方面的性能受其影响,对纯电动汽车车架这一重要部件进行轻量化设计与研究具有重大意义。目前主要有三种方式来实现汽车的轻量化: 一是从结构设计角度优化,二是运用轻量化材料,三是轻量化材料的成型技术与先进工艺。
此文针对某型低速纯电动汽车,通过CATIA参数化建模出低速纯电动汽车车架三维几何模型,将其导入ANSYS Workbench15.0中得到有限元模型;运用Static Structural模块对车架进行静力学分析,得出了两种常见工况(即弯曲和扭转工况)下车架的应力、位移分布情况;运用Modal模块对车架进行自由模态分析,进而得出车架在自由状态下的前八阶的模态振型以及固有频率。以此作为车架轻量化的依据,从材料优化和结构尺寸优化两方面利用ANSYS Workbench15.0的优化功能对低速纯电动汽车进行优化设计。
从材料优化的角度,针对两种不同工况下原车架变形与应力分布情况,对承载区域变形小的部件采用其他密度更小的材料代替,例如铝合金6061Al材料,车架质量由92.46kg降低到85.973kg,实现减重7%。从结构尺寸优化角度,对主要部件梁的厚度进行优化,最终车架质量降低到70.674kg,实现减重 23.56%。以上两套方案均经过强度刚度与模态的分析,满足正常使用要求,达到轻量化目的。
关键词:电动汽车车架;ANSYS Workbench;有限元分析;轻量化
Abstract
Pure electric vehicles’ power source is the battery, the quality of the battery caused the defects of pure electric vehicle’s quality, which affect the performance of the vehicle and is not conducive to improve the mileage. Car chassis frame is the carrier of the vehicle base, which affecting the performance of all aspects of the car, pure electric vehicle frame is an important component and pure electric vehicle frame’s lightweight design is of great significance. At present, there are three main ways to achieve the lightweight of the car: First, the optimization of structural design, the second is the use of lightweight materials, the third one is lightweight materials’ molding technology and advanced technology.
In this thesis, a finite element model is obtained by introducing the three-dimensional geometric model of low-speed pure electric vehicle frame in CATIA into ANSYS Workbench15.0. The static analysis of the frame is carried out by using Static Structural module. The stress and deformation of the frame under the common conditions (bending and torsional conditions) are analyzed. The Modal module is used to carry out free modal analysis of the frame. Modal analysis of the frame by the Modal module gives the first eight order natural vibration modes and natural frequencies. As a basis for the lightweight of the frame, the optimization function of ANSYS Workbench15.0 is optimized from the aspects of material optimization and structural size optimization to optimize the design of low speed pure electric vehicle.
From the point of view of material optimization, the deformation and stress distribution of the original frame under the two kinds of working conditions, other parts with smaller deformation of the bearing area are replaced with other materials with smaller density, such as 6061Al aluminum alloy material, the frame quality is reduced from 92.46kg to 85.973kg, to achieve weight loss of 7%. From the point of view of structural size optimization, the thickness of the main components of the beam to optimize the final frame quality reduced to 70.674kg, to achieve weight loss of 23.56%. The above two sets of programs have been through the strength of the stiffness and modal analysis to meet the normal use requirements, to achieve the purpose of lightweight.
Keywords:Electric car frame; ANSYS Workbench; Finite element analysis; Light weight
目 录
摘 要 I
Abstract II
第1章 绪论 1
1.1研究背景及意义 1
1.2国内外研究现状 1
1.3研究内容及技术路线 2
1.3.1初始条件 2
1.3.2研究内容 3
1.3.3技术路线 3
第2章 有限元理论与优化方法 5
2.1有限元法基本理论 5
2.2结构优化设计的基本方法 5
2.2.1结构拓扑优化 5
2.2.2结构形状优化 6
2.2.3结构尺寸优化 6
2.3应用新材料进行轻量化设计 6
2.3.1高强度钢在车架轻量化上的应用 6
2.3.2铝合金在车架轻量化上的应用 7
2.3.3镁合金在车架轻量化上的应用 7
2.4本章小结 7
第3章 电动汽车原车架建模及有限元分析 8
3.1原车架结构有限元模型建立 8
3.1.1原车架CAD三维模型的建立 8
3.1.2原车架有限元模型建立 8
3.2原车架静力结构分析 10
3.2.1静态分析理论基础 10
3.2.2车架静力结构分析 11
3.3原车架结构模态分析 19
3.3.1模态分析理论基础 19
3.3.2车架模态分析 20
3.4本章小结 22
第4章 低速电动汽车车架的优化设计分析 23
4.1材料优化分析 23
4.2结构尺寸优化分析 24
4.3 本章小结 29
第5章 总结与展望 30
5.1论文总结 30
5.2研究展望 30
参考文献 31
致谢 32
第1章 绪论
1.1研究背景及意义
汽车轻量化设计在减少能源消耗、节约燃油成本、提升汽车总体性能、结构优化、降低排放、推动汽车产业健康发展和新材料新工艺的研发以及加速纯电动汽车产业的发展、提升汽车续驶里程等方面都具有重要的意义[1]。
与传统汽车比较,电动汽车目前的推广比较困难。在推广过程中其面临的两个主要的问题,一是成本高的问题,二便是续航里程短的问题。由于增加了动力电池的重量,电动汽车相较传统汽车增重明显,比较而言,一般乘用车电池增加重量约两百到三百千克,中型巴士电池增加重量约七百到一千千克,大型巴士增加重量三吨左右。能耗与重量有着非常直接的关系,而续航里程又与能耗相关。由此看来,轻量化即是降低能源消耗以及延长电动汽车续航里程的有效办法。