论文总字数：32369字

摘 要

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Research background 1

1.2 Previous studies of The Call of the Wild 2

1.3 Need of the study 3

2. The Theory on Ecocriticism 4

2.1 Formation and development 4

2.2 Main characteristics 4

2.3 Relevant studies 5

3. An Ecocritical Interpretation of The Call of the Wild 6

3.1 The "harmony" between human and Buck 6

3.1.1 Buck's comfortable life in Judge Miller's house 6

3.1.2 Buck's peaceful but temporary life with Thornton 7

3.2 The "disharmony" between human and Buck 7

3.2.1 Buck being trafficked and abused 7

3.2.2 Buck's gradual awakening in witnessing and approaching death 9

3.3 The complete disappearance of "harmony" 11

3.4 Jack London's warning to mankind 12

4. Conclusion 14

References 16

Acknowledgments

The completion of this paper is inseparable from the help of many people, and I really want to express my sincere thanks to them.

First, I would love to give my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Qiu Liping, who has offered me constant guidance whether from the beginning of the topic selection or in the process of text analysis. Her professional knowledge, rigorous academic attitude, excelsior work style, strict self-discipline and easy-going personality charm has far-reaching impact on me. Therefore, Ms. Qiu gave me precious instructions in my studies as well as positive influence on my thought and life.

Next, my gratitude should be given to the professors in the School of Foreign Languages and Literature in Nanjing Tech University. They have shared their academic knowledge, broad vision and profound thinking with us, which creates a great academic atmosphere for me, so that my paper could be more rigorous. What’s more, their courses have greatly helped my thesis writing,

Last but not least, I would like to express my deep love to my family, even though they have little academic ability. Their selfless love and support provided me with a good learning environment, enabling me to concentrate on my academic research.

Abstract

Jack London is a famous American realistic writer. Many of his works are popular. The ecological consciousness embodied in his works has a profound influence on the later creators. The Call of the Wild is one of Jack London's masterpieces of ecological literature. Many scholars have interpreted it from different perspectives. This paper explores The Call of the Wild from the perspective of ecocriticism. Buck is the representative of nature, and his masters are the representative of human. Buck gradually woke up in the changing living environment, and finally changed from a dog in human society to a wolf in the wilderness. This process of change is the gradual destruction and disappearance of the harmony between man and nature. Human beings are responsible for this result. This paper analyzes the ecological implication in The Call of the Wild, explores Jack London's ecological thought, and provides some ecological value for modern society.

Key words: The Call of the Wild; ecocriticism; Buck; human and nature

中文摘要

杰克·伦敦是美国著名的现实主义作家。他的许多作品深受欢迎。他作品中所体现的生态意识对后来的创作者产生了深远的影响。《野性的呼唤》是杰克·伦敦生态文学的代表作之一，许多学者从不同角度对其进行了解读。本文从生态批评主义对《野性的呼唤》进行探究。巴克是自然界的代表，他的主人是人类的代表。巴克在不断变化的生活环境中逐渐觉醒，最终从一条人类社会的狗变成了荒野中的一匹狼。这个过程就是人与自然之间的和谐逐渐被破坏直至消失殆尽的过程。人类正是导致这一结果的罪魁祸首。本文分析《野性的呼唤》中所蕴含的生态意蕴，探究杰克伦敦的生态思想，给现代社会提供一定的生态意义价值。

关键词：《野性的呼唤》；生态批评；巴克；人与自然

1. Introduction

1.1 Research background

Jack London (1876-1916) was a famous American writer of naturalism and realism in the 20th century. He was born into a bankrupt peasant family. Because of poverty, he worked various odd jobs and then wandered around the United States when he was young. Poor and joyless childhood made Jack London mature early. Jack London has had to work and read since he was 10. Whenever possible, he will spend his time reading. He loves reading, and he read as many novels and other books as he can. Jack London entered the University of California, Berkeley at the age of 21 in 1897, but later dropped out of Berkeley due to a lack of funds. The rough life experience and the desire for knowledge inspired his literary creation and became the source of his creation.

In Jack London's works, we often feel the heroism complex. We can feel his worship of life itself and his pursuit of primitive form and spiritual freedom for the meaning of life and existence. In Jack London's works, the protagonist and the harsh wasteland are integrated. Life here tends to take on a primitive form, releasing a desire contrary to the vulgar world. It is a kind of arduous, jumping and even violent anger. There is heroism in the treatment of death (Jiao, 2008).

The Call of the Wild is a classic work of Jack London. Buck used to live a well-off life in the Judge Miller’s house. He walked with the children and played in the water. But in 1897, gold was discovered in Klondike, and a gold rush was set off in the United States. Many American youth come to Alaska, a world of ice and snow, hoping to find their own gold. So dogs became indispensable companions and tools in the gold rush. The Judge's gardener stole Buck and sold him to the frozen North. Buck was initially sold to two French Canadians. These bought dogs were not only abused by cruel human beings, but also learned to pull sledges and trudge in the ice and snow day by day. Buck quickly learned how to adapt to the wild. Moreover, in order to fight for the leadership of dogs, dogs fight and kill each other all the time. Buck is a natural leader. He coveted the position of the leader dog. Finally, with his own wisdom and strength, he defeated the leader dog Spitz and became a new leader. He changed several owners and was finally accepted by John Thornton. When Buck was wounded and dying by his cruel master Hal that Thornton saved him and healed him. Under the careful care of Thornton, Buck recovered very quickly, which led to sincere feelings between them. Buck was very loyal to Thornton. He twice saved Thornton's life regardless of danger. Unfortunately, Thornton was killed by the Yeehats. In his fury, Buck killed several Yeehats and avenged his master. At this time, Buck had no nostalgia for human society because his benefactor was dead. Finally, Buck responded to the call of his own wild, entered the forest, and lived a primitive life with wolves ever since.

1.2 Previous studies of The Call of the Wild

The main aspects of domestic research on The Call of the Wild are as follows:

Studying the artistic image of Buck. Tan (2006), in her dissertation On the artistic image of Buck in The Call of the Wild, discusses the unity of dog nature and human nature by analyzing the image of the hero Buck.

Analyzing the language features of The Call of the Wild and its translation. In the dissertation An Ecological Discourse Analysis of Jack London's call to the wild from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics, Q. C. Wang (2019), from the perspective of transitive structure, ergative structure and grammatical metaphor in systemic functional linguistics, makes an ecological discourse analysis of The Call of the Wild, which reveals that while criticizing the destruction of ecological environment by human beings, the author is also hard to break through the ideology of anthropocentrism in the process of discourse construction. Z. Y. Wang (2019) in her dissertation selects seven translations from four periods and three places on both sides of the Straits. With the help of corpus software, she makes quantitative analysis on the translation features of the translations, and explores the adaptation and selection of translators in different regions and times.

A comparative analysis of The Call of the Wild and some other literary works. In the dissertation An interpretation of The Call of the Wild and Kekexili Wolf from the Perspective of Ecocriticism, M. H. Wang (2016), analyzes the ecologism of the two novels through comparative study.

In previous studies, there is little study on the harmony between Buck and his different owners. This paper explores the degree of harmony between Buck and human beings in different stages, and analyzes the process of the gradual destruction of the harmony between man and nature.

1.3 Need of the study

The ecological criticism in The Call of the Wild should arouse people's thinking. In this book, the author criticizes human's crazy exploitation and destruction of nature for one's own selfish desire as well as human's abuse and enslavement of animals, reflecting the author's concern for nature and animals. Studying the ecological thoughts in this book is still of great significance to the world today. By describing the relationship between Buck and different owners, this paper reveals the principle of caring for nature, caring for animals and harmoniously living with nature.

2. The Theory on Ecocriticism

As a trend of literary and cultural criticism, "ecological criticism" was formed in the United States in the mid-1990s, and then appeared in many countries in the world. Among the numerous definitions of the term "ecological criticism", what most scholars can accept is the definition of Glotfelty (1996), the main advocate of ecocriticism in the United States "ecological criticism is a criticism to explore the relationship between literature and natural environment" (Wang, 2002: 48).

2.1 Formation and development

The clue of ecological criticism appeared in 1970s. In 1974, American scholar Meeker (1974) published his monograph The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology. He proposed the term "literary ecology". The author also tried to criticize ancient Greek drama, Dante, Shakespeare and some contemporary literature works from the perspective of ecology. In the same year, Kroeber (1974), another American scholar, published an article "Home at Grasmere": Ecological Holiness in PMLA, which had a great influence on the western criticism circle. The concepts of "ecology" and "ecological" were introduced into literary criticism. In 1978, Rueckert (1978) first used the word "ecological criticism", advocated "combining literature and ecology", stressed that critics "must have an ecological vision", and should "build an ecological poetics system".

2.2 Main characteristics

The "eco" of ecocriticism refers to the thought of ecologism, and its core thought is ecological holism. The main ideological feature of ecological criticism is ecological holism. Ecocriticism is a literary criticism guided by ecological holism. Wang Nuo (2007), in his work A Study of Ecocriticism in Europe and America, Said that the core idea of ecological holism is to regard the overall interests of the ecosystem as the highest value rather than the interests of mankind, and to regard maintaining and protecting the integrity, harmony, stability, balance and sustainability of the ecosystem as the fundamental yardstick to measure all things, and as the judgment of human life style, scientific and technological progress, economic growth and social development.

2.3 Relevant studies

In China, ecological criticism was born in the mid-1990s. The first monograph on ecological aesthetics published by Chinese scholars is On Ecological Aesthetics by Li Xinfu (1994) and Philosophical Thinking on Ecological Beauty by She Zhengrong (1994). So far, many monographs on ecological criticism have been published in China, such as Green Thinking, Green Feelings (Zeng, 2000), Literature and Art in the Field of Ecology (Lu, 2000), etc. In addition, the introduction and research of western ecological literature and ecological criticism also constitute an important part of Chinese ecological criticism. The published monographs include European and American Ecological Literature (Wang, 2007). Secondly, some doctoral thesis topics are also selected in the field of ecological criticism and ecological literature research.

3. An Ecocritical Interpretation of The Call of the Wild

The concept of anthropocentrism is the superior attitude of human, which regards human as the center of social development. In humanism, human is the master of all things in the world, even the center of the universe. In traditional novels, human beings are usually the protagonists. People always looks at the world from the perspective of human beings. However, in The Call of the Wild, Jack London questioned this anthropocentrism in an all-round way. He took a dog as the protagonist, looked on human's behavior from the perspective of the dog, criticized human's destruction of nature, and made a profound and merciless analysis of human's crime. Through Buck's transformation from dog to wolf, the author deeply criticizes anthropocentrism. In this process, the harmony of the ecosystem has been destroyed.

Buck is the representative of nature while his masters are the representative of human. The ways Buck gets along with different masters reflects the degree of harmony between man and nature. When this "harmony" is destroyed, it will bring serious consequences. This chapter will analyze the text based on Buck's transformation in the changing living environment and Jack London's view on the harmony between man and nature.

3.1 The "harmony" between human and Buck

3.1.1 Buck's comfortable life in Judge Miller's house

Buck was born in the peaceful and beautiful courthouse of Judge Miller. His father was a St. Bernard breed and his mother was a Scotch shepherd. There, Buck lived a comfortable aristocratic life. He played with Judge's children and "was neither house dog nor kennel dog" (London, 1915: 17).

At this time, Buck lived freely and had a very close and harmonious relationship with Judge Miller's family, just like a member of Judge Miller's family. This shows that the relationship between nature represented by Buck and human represented by the Miller family is very harmonious.

3.1.2 Buck's peaceful but temporary life with Thornton

When Buck was nearly beaten, Thornton saved him. With Thornton's care, Buck slowly recovered. During this period, Thornton took care of Buck like his child, and gave him the most sincere love. It was this sincere love that restrained Buck's wild recovery. Out of gratitude, Buck twice saved Thornton regardless of great danger. On the surface, the time when Buck and Thornton lived together day and night made people and nature return to a very harmonious state. In fact, the nature represented by Buck is still under the use of human beings. Thornton bragged about Buck's strength and gambled at the eldorah salon. Buck pulled a thousand pounds of flour with his amazing perseverance and strength, winning Thornton's gambling and fame. There is no denying that although Thornton loved Buck very much, he actually used Buck to win money and fame. Then Thornton led Buck and his friends to the backbone of North America to search for the legendary missing gold mine. During this time, Buck often ran to the woods at night to feel the call of nature. It can be seen that the realization of one's dream of making money is the supreme central task of gold seekers such as Thornton. All should serve this center, including the domination and utilization of Buck. Just because of this, the wild nature hidden in Buck's body is on the verge of being lured by wolves. Therefore, Thornton's love for Buck is based on the use and control of Buck. This state of "harmony" between man and nature is not stable. It is in a fragile state and may be broken at any time. It is unable to completely change the oppression of human beings on nature and prevent Buck from responding to the call of nature. And Thornton's death confirmed it later.

3.2 The "disharmony" between human and Buck

3.2.1 Buck being trafficked and abused

The good times in Judge Miller’s house are not long. Buck's noble life is quietly ended in the tide of people who are going to the Arctic to search for gold. Klondike's new discovery has created an unprecedented demand for dogs among gold miners.

Because men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost(London, 1915: 15-16).

The great desire to make money dominates human beings to search for dogs everywhere because they can pull sleds in the wilderness. As a natural species, dogs suffer unprecedented disaster. Unfortunately, Buck was cheated by the greedy gardener of the Judge's house and sold to a strange dog peddler, then sold to the owner of the salon, and then sold to the man in the red sweater. He was beaten by the dog peddler and abused by the owner of the salon on the way of transportation, and choked by the rope. It can be seen that in order to meet the ever expanding demands of human beings, human beings oppress and abuse the natural species in the ecosystem cruelly, which destroys the harmony and integrity of the ecosystem, and the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature begins to change.

The cruel dog dealer's abuse of Buck continued and Buck resisted, but was finally tamed by his stick. As Jack London (1915: 28) described in his work that "all the pain he had endured was nothing compared with the exquisite agony of this".

The cruelty of reality wakes up Buck's potential cunning. Buck decides to give up resistance temporarily and face mankind fearlessly. In the eyes of these dog peddlers who are blinded by the desire for profit, dogs are only tools used by human beings. In order to make better use of their tool value to obtain the maximum economic benefits, meet their needs, conquer and rule the nature and carry out bloody atrocities, it is natural for them. In order to make better use of their tool value and obtain the maximum economic benefits, they tried to conquer the nature and carry out bloody atrocities. This is their nature. The thought of anthropocentrism and the unlimited desire of human beings make the human subsystem stand opposite to the natural subsystem. Therefore, Buck's temporary taming was in exchange for his flowing blood, and also at the cost of the opposition between man and nature. Later, Buck was bought by government messengers Perrault and Francois, became a sled dog, left the warm south, and began a difficult journey to the north.

3.2.2 Buck's gradual awakening in witnessing and approaching death

At the moment when Buck set foot on the northern land, he has been in danger. He adjusted himself to adapt to the harsh environment for survival. In this process, Buck experienced the test of the harsh environment, suffered all kinds of human torture and abuse, and began to resist under the shackles of human civilization, releasing the hidden wild life. After witnessing a dog curly killed by Spitz, the lead dog, and devoured by the dogs, Buck was strapped and banded to become a sled dog. Along with other powerful dogs with different habits, driven by the whips of Perrault and Francois, he pulled the heavy sled on the frozen snow and carried out arduous tasks.

In order to survive under the pressure of human sticks and whips and the threat of bad environment, Buck had to make himself smarter. He learned to dig holes in the snow to sleep, to steal food from other dogs, to fight Spitz in secret and to fight Francois. What's more, Buck replaced Spitz with courage and wisdom and won the position of "leader dog" among the sled dogs. On a cold night, Buck and Spitz fought to death. "In a flash Buck knew it. The time had come. It was to the death. As they circled about, snarling, ears laid back, keenly watchful for the advantage, the scene came to Buck with a sense of familiarity" (London, 1915: 85). "Then Buck sprang in and out; but while he was in, shoulder had at last squarely met shoulder. The dark circle became a dot on the moon flooded snow as Spitz disappeared from view" "Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good" (London, 1915: 88-89). Buck defeated Spitz with his self-control and extraordinary cunning from under the human wand and whip, as well as primitive patience to endure almost everything. All kinds of survival skills and wisdom of Buck are learned under the oppression of human stick and whip, and the fight between Buck and Spitz for "leader dog" is also realized under the rule and oppression of human beings, which rule and oppress and change the interest relationship between members of nature.

In the process of conquering the bad environment and winning the position of "leading dog", the wildness lurking in Buck's heart gradually revived, while the humanity given to him by the civilized society gradually lost. "He was sounding the deeps of his nature, and of the parts of his nature that were deeper than he, going back into the womb of Time" (Jack London, 1915: 83). Buck began to break away from the shackles of civilization, sensing the call of nature to him. This is his resistance to humanity. This kind of resistance shows that human beings take themselves as the center, deprive other species of equal status and rights in the ecosystem, and destroy the harmony and overall interests of the ecosystem.

Human's violence against nature and the overall interests of destroying the ecosystem are vividly seen in the shooting of eliminated sled dogs, the replacement of overworked sled dogs and the sale of them at a low price, as well as the cruel abuse of Burk by the Charles family. When they reached Cassiar Bar, Dave was very weak. He was crippled by a sled, and finally he lay on the snow and gasped for breath until he was shot. "The men ceased talking. A revolver-shot rang out...Buck knew, and every dog knew, what had taken place behind the belt of river trees" (London, 1915: 110).

They were in a wretched state, worn out and worn down.Their feet fell heavily on the trail, jarring their bodies and doubling the fatigue of a day’s travel.There was no power of recuperation left, no reserve strength to call upon. It had been all used, the last least bit of it. Every muscle, every fiber, every cell, was tired, dead tired...(London, 1915: 114)

It can be seen that the rational human regards the dog who has worked hard for it as a tool of "Silence", and the life of the dog is far less important than their own interests. Here, human beings regard the sled dog as a kind of natural existence resource that can be exploited and utilized at will, instead of its role as a natural species, and they do not respect and revere life at all. It can be seen that human beings deprive natural species of the right to have tool value, internal value and system value equally with human beings in the ecosystem. This fully destroys the internal harmony of the ecosystem and embodies the idea of anthropocentrism.

When the eliminated dogs were sold to Charles, they suffered a lot because the gold digger know little about dogs. More and more dogs died every day because of various conditions. The cruelty of the Charles family towards the dogs who can't pull a car reveals the ugly nature of human beings. The wounded Dub was shot by Hal, and the good-natured Billee was cut to death by Hal because of her lack of strength. In order to satisfy their own desires, the Charles family carried out bloody killing on the incompetent dogs, which destroyed the harmony and overall interests of the ecosystem and fully demonstrated the cruelty and ignorance of human beings. Buck was so tired that he couldn't stand up. Hal replaced his whip with a big stick to beat Buck. Just when Buck realized vaguely that the end was coming, Thornton rescued Buck, who was struggling on the death line, under Hal's rain stick. At the same time, the dogs who pulled the sled with their last strength fell into the sinking ice along with the cruel gold diggers.

3.3 The complete disappearance of "harmony"

After the Yeehats killed Thornton and his companions to plundered their property, Buck took a crazy revenge on the Yeehats , just like a cold bloodthirsty killer. Seeing that people kill each other for the benefit of each other, the human nature temporarily stranded in Buck has disappeared, and the "harmony" established between human and nature has completely collapsed. Buck returned to the wilderness under the call of nature and became the beast leading the wolves. Buck's wildness is slowly revived with the gradual destruction and disintegration of the harmonious relationship between human and nature. His rebellion against human is also carried out under the extreme oppression of human beings. It can be seen that human beings are the main culprit of destroying the harmonious relationship between human society and natural environment.

3.4 Jack London's warning to mankind

The process of Buck's gradual change is the process that the harmony between man and nature is destroyed step by step. This process reflects Jack London's thinking about the harmony between man and nature. When Buck was at Judge Miller's house, people and dogs got on well with each other. At this time, the human beings represented by the Judge’s family and the nature represented by Buck are in a harmonious state. Buck enjoys the care and protection of the Judge’s family, and the Judge’s family enjoy Buck's loyalty and company. When Buck was sold to the frozen north, this "harmony" began to be destroyed. In the process of gold rush, human beings' crushing and abusing animals is a kind of anthropocentric behavior which destroies nature for self-interest. At this time, the harmony between human and nature has been greatly damaged. Thornton's appearance is a turning point. He loves Buck, but this kind of love is still based on domination and utilization. Buck also loves and helps Thornton. At this time, man and nature reach a fragile balance point of "harmony". This kind of harmony is not a real stable harmonious relationship, but a delay in the arrival of more serious consequences. Therefore, Thornton's existence does not prevent Buck from responding to the call of nature. Thornton's death marks the complete disappearance of the harmony. At this time, Buck's human nature completely disappears. He turns into a bloodthirsty devil, kills his enemies and becomes a wild animal in the forest. The "harmony" between man and nature is gone.

Buck's wildness recovers with the gradual destruction of the harmonious relationship between man and nature. When the harmony is completely destroyed, man will be retaliated by nature. It is human beings themselves who are responsible for the destruction of this harmony. From the perspective of ecological criticism, Jack London points out that the lack of consciousness of human ecological holism, human centralism which cannot be transcended and unlimited desire destroy the harmony between human society and natural environment. The loss of this harmonious relationship will inevitably lead to potential ecological crisis and ecological disaster. This is nature's resistance and punishment to human beings. It warns people to revere and respect nature, and finally achieve the harmony between man and nature.

Conclusion

In The Call of the Wild, as a member of the balance of nature, human beings always regard enslavement and abuse of animals as their normal state, and always regard conquest of nature as the symbol of success. The author takes the wilderness as the writing background, which is to point out the viewpoint that "wilderness is the unconquerable land of human beings". Jack London describes the bad relationship between human and nature and the harm caused by the lack of ecological awareness. In this work, in order to seek gold, human beings destroy the land in the north and abuse animals. Even human beings themselves hurt each other and even kill each other. However, as the animals that people have always looked down upon, such as dogs pulling sledges and wolves in the wild, they can cooperate with each other and work together for survival, which makes merciless mockery and criticism on human greed and violence.

On the other hand, Buck was a loyal and reliable pet and companion when he got along with Judge Miller and John Thornton. People and the dog reached a harmony. When the harmonious relationship between man and dog was broken, Buck was no longer a dog. He left the human society, followed the call of the wild, and became a wolf on the wasteland. The author also warns that when human beings respect nature and live in harmony with nature, they will get gifts and rewards from nature; when human beings try to conquer nature and destroy nature, they will face daily revenge. Under the view of environmental ethics, human behavior in the works has broken the ecological balance of nature. While criticizing human egoism, the author calls on people to adhere to the principle of respecting nature in the theory of environmental ethics.

The Call of the Wild criticizes the human behavior of destroying the environment

for one's own interests from the perspective of dogs. By describing Buck's transformation from a dog to a wolf, the author warns people of the serious consequences of ecological damage, and calls on human beings to treat animals well, respect nature, and get along with nature harmoniously. This book is a great work of ecological literature, which still has great ecological value and social significance in the increasingly globalized modern information age.

References

Glotfelty, C., amp; Fromm, H. (1996), The ecocriticism reader: landmarks in literary ecology. Athens : University of Georgia Press.

Hedrick, J. D. (1982). Solitary comrade: Jack London and his work. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Kroeber, K. (1974). "Home at Grasmere": Ecological Holiness. PMLA 89,141-32.

London, J. (1915). The call of the wild. London: The Macamillan Company.

Meeker, J. W. (1974). The comedy of survival: studies in literary ecology. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Rueckert, W. (1978). Literature and ecology: an experiment in ecocriticism. Iowa Review 9, 71-86.

Wang, M. H. (2016). An interpretation of the call of the wild and kekexili wolf from the perspective of ecocriticism. Henan: Zhenzhou University.

Wang, Z. Y. (2019). A Study of translator’s adaptation and selection: evidence from seven Chinese versions of the call of the wild. Jiangsu: China University of Mining and Technology.

傅华（2002），《生态伦理学探究》。北京：华夏出版社。

焦建平（2008），杰克·伦敦的英雄主义情结，《西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》，4：174-176。

李怀波（2004），杰克·伦敦的哲学与信仰追求，《外语研究》，2：67-70。

请支付后下载全文，论文总字数：32369字