摘 要

目前最广为人知的“创伤”定义由凯茜·卡如斯提出。创伤指在突然的或灾难性的事件面前，一种压倒性的经历。人对这些事件的反应通常是迟钝的，会导致幻觉和其他入侵现象重复出现且无法控制。人们会采用不同的方式来应对创伤。《查泰莱夫人的情人》是大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯于1928年出版的著作。这本小说讲述了下半身瘫痪的克利福德·查泰莱和追求自由解放查泰莱夫人的婚姻故事，以及查泰莱夫人与其秘密情人梅勒斯的爱情故事。

本论文基于创伤理论，聚焦小说中克利福德的创伤。论文分析了克利福德创伤的根源及表征，以及他摆脱创伤的种种努力。论文指出克利福德创伤的主要来源于战争的创伤、家庭的疏离和工业化社会的影响。他的创伤的表征主要体现在他与外部世界的隔绝和自我沉溺于创作无意义的小说。克利福德通过各种尝试，来实现自我的救赎，试图摆脱创伤。他写作事业的成功，矿产生意的兴隆和精神支柱的转移在很大程度上帮助他摆脱创伤。尽管克利福德的救赎并不全然成功，但他的创伤和救赎仍有现实的思考意义。在巨大的历史创伤下，人类仍然因自我救赎而生生不息。

关键词：创伤；《查泰莱夫人的情人》；工业化；救赎

Abstract

The most popular definition of trauma is put forward by Cathy Caruth that trauma is an overwhelming experience of sudden or catastrophic events in which the response to the event occurs in the often delayed and uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena. Distinguished approaches are adopted by different people to deal with trauma. Lady Chatterley’s Lover is David Herbert Lawrence’s magnum opus, which shows the marriage of handicapped Clifford Chatterley and freedom-seeking Lady Chatterley, as well as her love affair with the forest guard Mellors.

Basing on the trauma theories, this paper focuses on the trauma of Clifford. The sources and manifestations of his trauma, as well as his endeavor to get rid of trauma will be analyzed. The paper points out that the sources of his trauma are World War I, family alienation, and England industrialization. His isolation from the outside world and addiction to nihility literature is the manifestations of his trauma. He has tried a bunch of ways to redeem himself and get divorced from the trauma. The achievement of writing career, the success of coal business and the transfer of psychological pillar make a critical difference. Although Clifford’s redemption is a half success, the thought on his trauma has its realistic significance nowadays. Though suffered treat historical trauma, the reproduction and self-redemption of human beings never fade away.

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Key Words: trauma; Lady Chatterley's Lover; Industrialization; redemption

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 David Herbert Lawrence and Lady Chatterley’ s Lover 1

1.2 Literature Review 3

1.3 Theory of Trauma 5

2 The Trauma of Clifford Chatterley 7

2.1 Sources of trauma 7

2.1.1 The Shadow of World War I 7

2.1.2 The Alienation of Family 8

2.1.3 The Industrializing England 9

2.2 Manifestations of Trauma 11

2.2.1 Isolation from Outside World 11

2.2.2 Addiction to Nihility Literature 12

3 The Redemption of Clifford Chatterley 13

3.1 Achievement of Writing Career 13

3.2 Success of Coal Business 14

3.3 Transfer of Psychological Pillar 15

4 Conclusion 16

References 18

Acknowledgements 20

Male Trauma and Redemption in Industrializing Society

—Take Clifford in Lady Chatterley's Lover as An Example

1 Introduction

1.1 David Herbert Lawrence and Lady Chatterley’ s Lover

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the greatest and the most controversial writers of English literature in the 20^th century. He had the super talent with several titles, such as novelist, poet, essayist, critic, and painter. The majority of his works are realistic . He is especially skilled at portraying the subtle psychology of characters, as well as describing human nature and sexuality passionately.

The first book of Lawrence is White Peacock, which featured the beginning of his writing career. Lawrence finished Sons and Lovers in Italy in 1912. This novel was banned because of the direct depiction of sexuality. Over one thousand of the published books were burnt, and Lawrence lost the right to release any literary works. In 1920, he published Rainbow and Women in Love in the United States,, exploring the factors that influence marriage, love, personal achievements. These two novels that tell a story of two sisters’ growing and experiences were banned by the government for obscenity again.

Lawrence was born in 1885 in Isherwood, a coal-mining town in central England. He often set the background of his novels at similar places like his hometown. His childhood was immersed in the atmosphere of malice from poverty and his father. His father was a miner, while his mother a teacher. Because of the education gap and conflicting personality, his parents were in bad relations. Thus, Lawrence’s prejudice towards his father and preference towards his mother gradually intensified. This experience was revealed incisively and vividly in his autobiographical novel—Sons and Lovers(1913). After his graduation from high school, he worked as a worker in a manufacturing factory and then a teacher in a primary school. It was not until 1911, when he was twenty-six, that he determined to become a professional writer. After he married his wife Frieda, they traveled lots of countries in Europe, America, and Australia, including Germany, Austria, Italy, Mexico, and so on. During World War I, the couple was harassed and expelled by the authorities for advocating peace. 1919 was the beginning of their wandering life. In each spot, they stayed shortly. The experience of persecution, named “savage pilgrimage” by himself, was described in his novel Kangaroo, 1923.

After two amendment versions, the third version of Lady Chatterley’s Lover is privately published in Florence, Italy, 1928. Due to the pornography parts in this novel, it was forbidden to publish for thirty-two years in England and America. A well-known court battle happened in 1960, the year Penguin Books published this novel initially and openly in England. The English court held that this novel violated the Law of Obscene Publication Act, while several professors and litterateurs defended it. The publisher’s victory is a milestone that acknowledged the end of Chatterley Ban. The world began to directly face the meaning of sexuality and the noble power of the human body. Lawrence commented on his work in a letter to his friend that “I always labour at the same thing, to make the sex relation valid and precious, instead of shameful. And this novel is the furthest I’ve gone”(Lawrence:36).

The story happens in Wragby, an industrial town in central England, just as Lawrence hometown. After World War I, Clifford Chatterley goes back to his hometown Wragby, with his half-paralyzed body. His wife Constance, a young and vigorous beauty, lives with him. With time elapsing, Constance cannot bear the boring and abstinent life with Clifford despite the luxury. She gradually falls in love with the forest guard Mellors and gets pregnant. Finally, the two lovers elope to Canada and create a new life. Clifford’s sexual dysfunction, empty soul and indifferent personality are in sharp contrast to Mellors’s warm and emotional nature. Only by respecting love and the appreciation of sexuality can human beings resist the alienation of industrial civilization in modern society.

Many studies have been conducted on Constance and Mellors, while Clifford is often ignored. This paper aims to dig the deep sources of his tragedy, analyze the symptoms of his trauma, and summarize his positive self-redemption.

1.2 Literature Review

Lady Chatterley’ s Lover was firstly published in 1928. It was not until 1960 that this novel was legally published in England. As one of the most controversial novels, this masterpiece has attracted large quantities of scholars at home and abroad. The characters, themes, and writing skills in the novel have been studied by both domestic and foreign scholars.

The foreign research on Lady Chatterley’s Lover has produced fruitful results. Search on EBSCOhost, 31 articles can be found on this novel from 2000 to 2020. Some more 332 writings touch upon this novel. Search on SpringerLINK, 84 papers can be found. Studies are mainly conducted on the characters, themes, writing skills, checkered publishing process. Comparative studies are also made by some scholars.