1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述）

ernest miller hemingway was awarded the nobel prize for literature, for his mastery of the art of narrative, mostly demonstrated in the old man and the sea， which tells the story of santiago, an aging cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the gulf stream off the coast of florida. jack london was a pioneer in the world of commercial magazine fiction. the call of the wild begins at a ranch in santa clara valley, california, when buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in alaska. the two writers are both famous and prolific in american literature, and lots of analyses have been made on either of them. however, there is nearly no comparative study between them. this paper aims to make a comparative study on the writing style of jack london and hemingway, taking the call of the wild and the old man and the sea as an example. by reading others’ papers about both of them, some similarities and differences can be concluded, and by reading the two short stories, some knowledge can be acquired.

the obvious similarity is that both of the two stories are short, just as li li and sheng jianghong said in their papers. and short sentences are used in the two novels, which convey to readers the simplicity of their writing style. iceberg theory is commonly recognized in the old man and the sea, according to li li and sheng jianghong(2014), hemingway used a lot of iceberg theory in depicting the old man. in this writing skill, only one eighth of the truth is on the surface, with the rest hidden under the ocean. what i am trying to figure out is that if jack london use this writing skill in writing the call of the wild. if not, then what corresponding writing skills did he use? besides, the rhetorical devices used in the two novels are similar and different. according to liu ruiqi(2013), in the call of the wild, personification is used by depicting buck as a emotional animal. with this findings, maybe the similar rhetorical devices in the old man and the sea can be found. an obvious similarity is that both of them use symbolism. according to wu libo(2015), in the old man and the sea, the old man symbolizes hero of life. while according to two graduates gao min’na and wang lin(2014), in the call of the wild, buck symbols hero, too. last is the themes of the two novels. according to du juan(2016), in the call of the wild, the theme of “survival of the fittest” is presented, which makes me feel that the theme may be fit to the old man,too. besides, what luo yao(2016) writes about environmental determinism is also the same meaning. while feng junxia(2015) thinks that ecological consciousness is presented in the old man and the sea, which is thought by gao wenting and liu jinxia(2015) presented in the call of the wild in the form of eco-criticism.

apparently, there are a lot of similarities and differences worth digging, which is the purpose of writing this paper. the two stories will be compared in detail and provide others a direction to work on, because what would be found may not be that complete.

2. 研究的基本内容与方案

as for the design of this paper, this paper is going to be divided into five parts, introduction and three chapters and conclusion. among the five parts, the emphasis is on the second chapter. in the introduction, the significance and purpose will be given as well as the background of the two works. in the first chapter, there is a literature review about the two writers. in the second chapter, a comparative study is made on the two novels, which includes the comparison of writing techniques, the comparison of symbolism and the comparison of themes. in the third chapter, a conclusion on the similarities and differences will be given for a overview. lastly, the conclusion part is about the effects of this paper on me and on others maybe.

in writing this paper, a lot of reading is inevitable. only by reading the basic knowledge about the two novels can be acquired. reading materials include the chinese and english versions of the original book, and the related references. read carefully, maybe something unique will be found. two principal research methods are employed in this paper. firstly, collection of examples and classification. typical examples in the old man and the sea and the call of the wild are collected at the beginning, and then classification of those examples is listed based on their chief functions in the source text. secondly, qualitative analysis. examples and textual analyses are implemented to study the similarities and differences between the two stories.

3. 研究计划与安排

before 20th january: settlement of the title
before 20th march: submission of the outline
before 25th april: submission of the first draft
before 24th may: revision of the draft

before 29th may: submission of the final version

4. 参考文献（12篇以上）

[01] du juan. “survival of the fittest” in the call of the wild [j]. overseas english, 2016(13).

[02] feng junxia. on hemingway’s ecological consciousness in the old man and the sea [j]. overseas english, 2015(22).

[03] gao wenting, liu jinxia. an eco-criticism reading of the call of the wild [j]. us-china foreign language, 2015(8):580-586.