摘 要

电力是社会存在和发展不可缺少的能源，而输电线路是电力系统的基础。输电线路杆塔是支承架空输电线路导线和地线并使它们之间以及与大地之间保持一定距离的杆形和塔形的构筑物，杆塔的安全可靠性直接关系到整个线路的运行安全。我国长江流域是典型的覆冰区域，在2008年的全国冰雪灾害中很多钢结构杆塔由于严重覆冰而发生损伤破坏甚至倒塌。这不仅严重地影响生产建设和生活秩序，而且还会产生重大的次生灾害并造成严重的后果。近年来我国已发生了多起冰雪天气下的输电线路的倒塌事故。输电塔作为一种典型的钢结构高耸塔架，其高柔特性使得它在强烈覆冰荷载作用下的结构反应较为显著，已经引起土木工程界的广泛重视。确保钢结构输电杆塔在强烈覆冰荷载作用下的正常服役能力具有重要的科学价值和社会经济价值，这也正是当前工程界和学术界的热点研究问题。本研究结合南孟线某钢结构塔架覆冰荷载的工程实际，开展相关的分析研究。

目前，国内外诸多学者对覆冰后输电塔线体系的承载性能等方面进行了一些研究。通过对现有研究成果的分析发现，输电塔线体系在承载性能方面存在着一定的不足。因此，本文结合南孟线某钢结构塔架覆冰荷载的工程实际，开展输电塔线体系覆冰荷载效应研究。通过收集与分析塔架破坏的资料，对输电塔覆冰效应的机理进行一系列研究，系统考察输电塔结构的静动力特点及荷载效应，经分析得出钢结构塔架的损伤原因，并提出相应的解决方法。

本文研究对象为大型钢结构输电塔架结构体系，为了研究其在覆冰荷载作用下的受力反应特点和规律，以SAP2000软件为分析平台，建立大型钢结构塔架有限元模型，并基于该模型进行覆冰荷载效应研究，将有覆冰和无覆冰两种情况下输电塔的静力性能进行对比，分析引起输电塔破坏的主要原因。

关键词：输电杆塔；覆冰荷载；有限元；静力性能

Abstract

Power is indispensable to social existence and development of energy. And transmission line is the foundation of power system. Transmission line tower is a pole or tower structure, which can support overhead transmission line conductor and ground wire, and keep the distance between them and the earth. The safety and reliability of transmission tower is directly related to the whole circuit running safety. The Yangtze river basin is a typical icing area in our country, in 2008 the national snow and ice disaster in many steel structure tower due to severe ice damage even collapse. This not only seriously affect the production and construction and life order, but will also have a significant secondary disasters and cause serious consequences. Have taken place in our country in recent years several collapse accidents of transmission lines under the ice and snow. Transmission tower tall tower as a kind of typical steel structure, its high soft feature makes it under strong ice load of structure response is significant having drawn wide attention in civil engineering. To ensure that the steel structure of transmission tower under strong ice load ability of normal service has important scientific value and social and economic value, which is the current research issues of engineering and academic circles. This study combines south dream line of a steel structure tower ice load of the engineering practice, to carry out the analysis of the related research.

At present, many scholars at home and abroad on after icing the bearing capacity of transmission line tower system carried out some research. Through the analysis of the existing research results found that the transmission line tower system in the aspects of performance there is a certain lack. Therefore, this paper combined with the south dream line of a steel structure tower ice load of the engineering practice, research on ice load effect of transmission line tower system. Through data collection and analysis of tower damage, the transmission tower a series of studies on the mechanism of ice effect, study of the static and dynamic characteristics of the transmission tower structure and the load effect, analysis of steel structure tower damage reason,

and proposes the corresponding solution.

This paper object for the large steel structure system of transmission tower structure, in order to study its response characteristics and laws under ice load effect, in SAP2000 software for analysis platform, large steel structure tower finite element model is established, and based on this model for research on ice load effect, the ice and no ice in both cases, comparing the static performance of the transmission tower, analysis the main reason causing the damage of transmission tower.

Keywords: transmission tower, ice load, finite element, static property

目 录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 引言 1

1.2 ZM27型输电塔的基本情况 2

1.3 本文主要工作 4

第2章 输电塔的结构分析方法 5

2.1 引言 5

2.2 有限元法的目的和概念 5

2.3 输电塔结构有限元分析方法 6

2.3.1 基本分析原理 6

2.3.2 空间梁单元 7

2.3.3 空间杆单元 9

2.3.4 约束条件 10

2.4 非线性有限元分析 11

2.4.1 理论基础 11

2.4.2 屈曲问题 14

2.4.3 P‒Δ问题 15

2.4.4 大位移问题 15

第3章 结构有限元模型 17

3.1 引言 17

3.2 框架单元 19

3.2.1 局部坐标系 19

3.2.2 截面 19

3.2.3 属性修正 19

3.2.4 自由度及其释放 19

3.2.5 质量 20

第4章 输电塔的动力特性 21

4.1 引言 21

4.2 输电塔单塔的动力特性 21

4.3 考虑塔线耦联效应的动力特性 25

第5章 输电塔覆冰荷载效应研究 29

5.1 引言 29

5.2 覆冰种类及物理参数 31

5.3 我国对输电塔覆冰的规范标准 31

5.3.1 覆冰气象条件 31

5.3.2 我国冰区的划分 32

5.3.3 导地线设计布置标准 32

5.3.4 架空线路设计冰厚标准 34

5.4 输电塔覆冰荷载的确定 34

5.5 输电塔结构自重效应研究 37

5.6 输电塔结构覆冰工况分析 42

5.6.1 覆冰10mm工况 42

5.6.2 覆冰20mm工况 46

第6章 结论与展望 51

6.1 结论 51

6.2 展望 51

参考文献： 53

致谢 55

第1章 绪论

1.1 引言

近年来，由于强冷空气的入侵，南方电网大面积遭受了冰冻灾害的影响。持续的低温天气伴随着雨雪作用，大面积电网设施遭到破坏，在覆冰后很多输电塔出现倒塔、断线、掉串而停止运行，很多铁塔基础出现杆件开裂破坏或沉降倾斜等。人们的生活和生产建设受到了严重的影响，与此同时次生灾害也伴随而来。输电塔作为人类生活重要的工具，某个环节发生破坏就可能使整个电网全部瘫痪。针对南方电网此次遭受的冰冻灾害，以南孟线某ZM27型输电塔作为研究对象，将输电塔覆冰损伤的原因和过程进行分析，对于输电塔的建设和发展具有重要意义^[1]。

(a) 输电塔架覆冰 (b) 导地线覆冰