摘 要

随着科技的飞速发展，电子信息时代的到来预示着电子电气领域将逐步与目前社会上的各领域逐步结合与发展，提高社会的整体智能化水平，为人们的生活提供便利。在城市里，各种各样的高楼大厦比邻而立，随着而来的是火灾发生概率的增加以及对火灾预警难度的增加，在此情况下，传统的火灾预警系统已经无法满足当今的需要，我们需要开发一批新型的火灾预警系统，能够对多个楼层，多个房间同时进行监测，使用多传感器电路，能够针对复杂的火场情况进行更全面的监测，可以极大降低误报率和提高监测的准确性。同时使用无线的方式代替有线电路连接，解决布线困难，线路易老化等问题。

本系统是基于无线数据传输的火灾预警系统的实现，通过对温度和湿度的监测以及对烟雾的检测对火灾实现报警。本设计在检测到室内温度的超过正常值或者烟雾的浓度超标时报警器开始报警，同时设置通信协议进行上位机通信实时提示状态和当前温湿度，两个子模块可分别监控不同区域的火情状况，通信主要通过Zigbee通信协议实现。在这个设计中，多传感器电路结合和信息传输是两个比较大的难点，也找了很多有关这两个的资料。本文主要介绍了多传感器电路是如何构建的，在构建的过程中最注意的应该的点是电源供应和传感器不能互相影响，电源供应这一点采取了独立供电，选用了合适的变压器，以此来满足不同传感器对最适电压的需求;对于不能让他们互相干扰这个问题，我的办法就是让传感器工作时尽量离得远一点。接下来文章还详细介绍了节点在z-stack这个协议框架下建立和加入网络的流程，里面的通信格式大小必须满足可以容纳命令类型、地址以及所有传感器数据值总和。然后对于网关和检测节点的设计则是按照程序流程图完成各类节点的具体软件设计，其中检测节点必须有数据采集和无线收发的功能，对于网关节点则要有串口通信，无线收发这两个最主要的设计。

最后对整个系统进行测试，尽力模拟一个复杂的火场情况，在测试中，系统基本能满足设计要求。通过分析测试完的数据，我觉得再经过进一步的改进，比如使用更多的精度更高的传感器以及对通信模块进行升级，在室内火灾预警这一领域上具有广阔的实际应用前景。

关键词：单片机；Zigbee通信模块；温湿度传感器；烟雾传感器；

Abstract

With the rapid development of science and technology, the arrival of the era of electronic information indicates that the field of electronic and electrical will gradually integrate and develop with various fields in the current society, improve the overall intelligent level of society, and provide convenience for people's life. In the city, all kinds of high-rise buildings stand next to each other. With the increase of fire probability and the difficulty of fire warning, the traditional fire warning system can not meet the needs of today. We need to develop a batch of new fire warning systems, which can monitor multiple floors and rooms at the same time and use multi-sensor The circuit can monitor the complex fire situation more comprehensively, which can greatly reduce the false alarm rate and improve the accuracy of monitoring. At the same time, the wireless way is used to replace the wired circuit connection, so as to solve the problems of wiring difficulties, line aging and so on.

This system is based on the realization of wireless data transmission fire warning system, through the monitoring of temperature and humidity, as well as the detection of smoke to realize the fire alarm. In this design, when the indoor temperature exceeds the normal value or the concentration of smoke exceeds the standard, the alarm will start to alarm. At the same time, the communication protocol is set for the upper computer to communicate the real-time prompt state and the current temperature and humidity. The two sub modules can respectively monitor the fire situation in different areas, and the communication is mainly realized through ZigBee communication protocol. In this design, the combination of multi-sensor circuit and information transmission are two major difficulties, and a lot of information about them has been found. This paper mainly introduces how to build multi-sensor circuits. The most important point in the construction process is that the power supply and sensors can not interact with each other. Simultaneous interpreting the power supply, the independent transformer is selected and the appropriate transformer is selected to meet the needs of different sensors for the most suitable voltage. My solution to the problem of not allowing them to interfere with each other is to keep the sensors as far away as possible. Next, the paper introduces in detail the process of building and joining the network under the protocol framework of Z-stack, in which the communication format size must be able to accommodate the command type, address and the sum of all sensor data values. Then the design of gateway and detection node is to complete the specific software design of all kinds of nodes according to the program flow chart, in which the detection node must have the function of data collection and wireless transceiver, and the gateway node must have the serial communication, wireless transceiver, the two most important designs. Finally, test the whole system, try to simulate a complex fire situation, in the test, the system can basically meet the design requirements. Through the analysis of the tested data, I think that after further improvement, such as using more sensors with higher accuracy and upgrading the communication module, it has a broad practical application prospect in the field of indoor fire alarm.

Key words：SCM; Zigbee communication module; temperature and humidity sensor; smoke sensor

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 课题背景和意义 1

1.2 国内外火灾报警技术研究趋势 1

1.2.1 国外发展趋势 1

1.3课题设计内容和研究思路 2

1.3.1 设计内容 2

1.3.2 研究思路 3

第二章 系统总体设计方案 4

2.1 方案的对比与选择 4

2.2 Zigbee通信技术 4

2.2.1 ZigBee的芯片选择 5

2.3设计方案简述 6

2.4主控芯片的选择 7

2.5总体方案论证 8

第三章 系统硬件模块设计 9

3.1传感器的选择 9

3.1.1 温湿度传感器模块 9

3.1.2 烟雾传感器模块 10

3.2 通信模块 11

3.3 电源模块 12

3.4 检测节点的设计 14

3.5 网关节点的设计 15

3.6网络的建立 16

第四章 系统软件设计 19

4.1设计思路 19

4.2系统的软件设计 20

4.3 Z-Stack协议栈的分析 22

4.4 检测节点程序设计流程与解析 23

4.4.1检测节点程序详解 23

4.5 网关节点程序设计流程和解析 28

4.5.1网关节点软件详解 29

第五章 总体调试 30

5.1 硬件调试 30

5.2 软件调试 31

5.3 调试结果 31

第六章 总结与展望 36

6.1 总结 36

6.2 展望 36

参考文献 38

致 谢 39

附录一 40

附录二 42

第一章 绪论

1.1 课题背景和意义

随着社会经济与科技的高速发展，人们的生活方式与环境有了巨大的改变，大量的人口迁徙使得城市内的建筑方式向着更高、更密集发展。但随着人口数量与建筑密度的增加，一些安全风险的出现概率开始飞速增长，同时由于居住环境与人口密度的高度集中，安全问题所产生的危害程度也开始呈现指数上升的趋势，而且以目前的建筑高度来看，高层建筑如果发生火灾，所产生的后果可谓是十分严重，且高层建筑的灭火难度也是十分之大，一旦火势形成，将会造成十分严重的后果，损失无法估量。我们从近年发生火灾的特点来分析的话，会发现这些火灾有着以下的共同特点：

（1）在人口密集的场所易发生火灾。