论文总字数：31440字

摘 要

柴油是一种具有燃烧热效高，功率大，燃烧单耗低的重要液态燃料。它是我国国民经济发展的重要动力来源。柴油因其具有不可比拟的优越性，已经被广泛应用于交通、船舶、建筑、工矿和军事等各个领域。中国是世界上最大的石油消耗国，也是最大的石油进口国，并且对外依存度高达60%。能源不断消耗，环境问题也日益严重，研制一种清洁高效的替代燃料已成为各国瞩目的焦点。微乳化柴油作为一种节能、环保的清洁燃料为这一问题的解决提供了一个新的方向。

本文通过使用HLB值法对多类乳化剂进行筛选与复配，选用三种复配乳化剂分别制备微乳化柴油，并对微乳化柴油的性质进行了分析，考察了乳化剂的种类，掺水率、乳化剂用量、乳化温度、乳化设备等对微乳柴油稳定性的影响，确定合适的复配乳化剂。

实验发现当复配乳化剂的质量比为A：B：C=0.49:0.22:0.29时，微乳化性能较好，在常温下，乳化剂用量为5%时，在无需添加助剂醇的情况下，微乳化体系的增溶水量为17.2%，且微乳化柴油体系性能稳定，能保存一年以上。在微乳化体系中油包水结构的粒径，会因加水量的不同而不同，体系的状态也会随着加水量的改变而改变，透明度、稳定性都会受到影响。通过实验可知，在微乳化体系中维持复配乳化剂质量分数为5%，含水量由6%，8%，10%，12%，14%不断增加时，由微乳体系中油包水结构粒的径分布结果可知，在使用表面活性剂A、B、C三元复配且HLB值为7.8时，体系含水量可达14%，且体系透明，粒径分布均匀在200nm以下，性能稳定，存放可达1年以上，与0#柴油的互溶性较好，向微乳化体系中添加6倍以上纯柴油时，体系外观仍旧透明。

通过对0#柴油与微乳化柴油的密度、闭口闪点、酸值十六烷值、黏度等物理化学性质进行分析对比，除铜片腐蚀指标外，其他指标均符合车用柴油技术质量指标，为其作为清洁替代燃料提供现实理论依据。

关键词：柴油 微乳液 微乳化机理 理化性质

Study on the preparation and physicochemical properties of emulsified and emulsified diesel oil

ABSTRACT

Diesel is a high combustion thermal efficiency, high power, low key burning liquid fuel consumption，for the development of our national economy provides an important source of power.

Because of its incomparable superiority of diesel has been widely used in transportation, shipbuilding, construction, mining and military.As China's industrialization and urbanization accelerated pace, China's automobile industry has been considerable development.

China is the world's largest oil consuming country, is one of the world's largest oil-importing countries, dependence on foreign oil as high as nearly 60%.

Continue to consume energy, environmental issues are also increasingly serious, to develop a clean and efficient alternative fuel has become the focus of national attention.Micro-emulsion diesel as an energy-saving, environmentally friendly clean fuel provides a new direction for solving this problem.

By using the HLB value method for multi-class screening and emulsifier complex, the choice of three emulsifiers were prepared micro-emulsion diesel oil, and the nature of the micro-emulsified diesel were analyzed to investigate the types of emulsifiers, watered impact rate, emulsifier, emulsifying temperature, emulsifying equipment such as diesel for microemulsion stability, determine the appropriate emulsifiers.

It was found that when the complex mass ratio of emulsifierA: B: C = 0.49: 0.22: 0.29, the better the performance of the micro-emulsification, at room temperature, the amount of emulsifier is 5%, without adding additives in alcohol under the circumstances, the amount of water solubilizing microemulsion system was 17.2%, and a stable microemulsion diesel system performance, can save more than one year.

Experiment shows that the micro-emulsion system to maintain complex emulsifier mass fraction of 5% water content by 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, while 14% increase, and microscopic analysis of the particle size analyzer particle structures, from the oil-in-water microemulsion system structure grain size distribution results, when using surfactants A, B, C ternary complex and the HLB value 7.8, the system water content of up to 14% and the system transparent, uniform particle size distribution in the 200nm or less, stable performance, storage of up to one year, and 0 # diesel miscible better, adding more than six times the pure diesel fuel to the micro-emulsion system, the system remains transparent appearance no stratification becomes cloudy.

By 0 # diesel and micro-emulsion diesel density, Flash point and kinematic viscosity，acidity， cetane number, calorific value, such as analysis and comparison, In addition to copper corrosion indicators, other indicators are in line with automotive diesel technical quality indicators, providing a theoretical basis for its reality as a clean alternative fuel.

KEYWORDS: Diesel；Microemulsion；Mechanism ；Combustion efficiency ；Physicochemical Properties.

目 录

摘 要.........................................................................................................................II

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................III

第一章 文献综述.....................................................................................................1

1.1 乳化微乳化柴油的研究现状.......................................................................1

1.1.1 国外微乳化柴油的研究现状............................................................1

1.1.2 国内微乳化柴油的研究现状............................................................2

1.2 微乳液理论基础 .....2

1.2.1 微乳液的定义. .2

1.2.2 微乳液的分类 3

1.2.3 微乳液的制备 3

1.3 微乳化柴油的节能降污机理 4

1.3.1 微爆效应 4

1.3.2 雾化特性 4

1.3.3 化学效应 5

1.3.4 节油机理 6

1.3.5 降污机理 6

1.4 表面活性剂性质...........................................................................................7

1.5 课题研究内容...............................................................................................7

第二章 柴油微乳液的制备工艺及影响因素研究........................................9

2.1 引言 9

2.2 微乳化柴油制备实验 10

2.2.1 实验试剂 ..........10

2.2.2 实验仪器 .........10

2.2.3 实验装置 11

2.2.4 实验方法 11

2.3 实验结果与讨论 12

2.3.1 最佳HLB值的确定及乳化剂的选择 12

2.3.2 水含量对微乳化柴油制备的影响 15

2.3.3 纯柴油与微乳化柴油掺混对液滴粒径影响..................................15

2.3.4 搅拌功率对微乳化柴油液滴粒径的影响 17

2.3.5 复配乳化剂用量对微乳化柴油制备的影响 17

2.4 本章小结 18

第三章 微乳化柴油理化性能研究 20

3.1 微乳化柴油理化性能的测定 20

3.1.1 密度测定 20

3.1.2 运动粘度测定 20

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