论文总字数：24356字

摘 要

如今，节能减排是全人类共同关注的话题，在全世界许多国家和地区，建筑内的降温与保暖消耗了大量能源。因此，研究隔热降温材料来减少人们对室内降温与保暖设备的依赖十分重要的。多孔聚合物材料具有导热系数低、比表面积大、化学性质稳定与质量轻等特点，是一种性能良好的隔热降温材料。而聚氯乙烯（PVC）是一种常见的薄膜材料，具有良好的机械性能、化学稳定性并且成本较低。因此，PVC多孔材料适合作为隔热降温材料使用。

本实验首先制备PVC/CaCO₃复合薄膜，然后用化学刻蚀法去除CaCO₃，制备PVC多孔薄膜材料。实验研究了碳酸钙的用量不同即孔隙率不同对多孔材料隔热性能、反射降温性能、亲疏水性能及力学性能的影响。

红外热成像实验结果表明，未刻蚀的PVC/CaCO₃复合薄膜在1 min之内与热台温度一致。刻蚀后的PVC多孔材料的隔热性能随孔隙率的增大而提高，升温速率减慢，表面最终温度降低，孔隙率达到67 v%时，最终温度可比热台温度降低6.1 ^oC。用太阳光（200-2500 nm）反射率和实际降温性能测试来表征样品的降温性能。实验结果表明，PVC/CaCO₃复合薄膜的太阳光反射率随CaCO₃的体积分数增大而增大，并且PVC多孔薄膜的太阳光反射率随孔隙率的增大而增大，当CaCO₃体积分数达到67 v%时，两者太阳光反射率较纯PVC薄膜分别增大62.82%与77.88%，这说明相比CaCO₃，孔隙可更好地提高PVC薄膜的太阳光反射性能。PVC多孔薄膜的实际降温性能随孔隙率增大而增大，孔隙率达到67 v%时，PVC多孔薄膜在0.3 W/cm²下照射1 h后，与纯PVC薄膜相比装置内部降温23.8^oC。实验结果证明，PVC多孔薄膜材料具有优良的隔热降温性能。

关键词：PVC 聚合物多孔材料 化学刻蚀法 隔热 降温

Study on Structure and Properties of PVC/CaCO₃ Functional Composites

Abstract

Energy saving and emission reduction are universal issues of concern nowadays. In many countries and regions around the world, cooling and heating in houses consume a lot of energy. Therefore, it is very important to study insulation and cooling materials to reduce people's dependence on indoor cooling and heating equipment. Porous polymer materials are characterized by low thermal conductivity, large specific surface area, stable chemical properties and light density. They are good thermal insulation and cooling materials. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a common film material with good mechanical properties, chemical stability and low cost. Therefore, PVC porous materials are suitable for use as heat insulation and cooling materials.

In this experiment, PVC/CaCO₃ composite films were prepared firstly, and then CaCO₃ was removed by chemical etching to prepare porous PVC films. The effects of different calcium carbonate dosages, i.e. different porosity, on thermal insulation, reflective cooling, hydrophobic and mechanical properties of porous materials were studied experimentally.

Infrared thermal imaging experiments show that the temperature of the heating table is the same as that of the non-etched PVC/CaCO₃ composite film within 1 minute. With the increase of porosity, the thermal insulation performance of etched PVC porous materials increases, the heating rate decreases and the final surface temperature decreases, and when the porosity reaches 67 v%, the final temperature can be reduced by 6.1 ^oC. The cooling performance of the samples was characterized by the solar reflectance (200-2500 nm) and the actual cooling performance test. The experimental results show that the solar reflectance of PVC/CaCO₃ composite films increases with the increase of CaCO₃ volume fraction, and the solar reflectance of PVC porous films increases with the increase of porosity. When CaCO₃ volume fraction reaches 67 v%, the solar reflectance of both PVC films increases by 62.82% and 77.88% respectively, which indicates that compared with CaCO₃, the pore size of PVC films can be better improved. Sunlight reflectivity. The actual cooling performance of the porous PVC film increases with the increase of porosity. When the porosity reaches 67 v%, compared with pure PVC film, the internal temperature of the device is reduced by 23.8^oC. after irradiation for 1 hour at 0.3 W/cm². The experimental results show that the porous PVC film has great thermal insulation and reflective cooling property.

Keywords: PVC; Polymer porous materials; Chemical etching; Insulation; Cooling property

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 1

1.1前言 1

1.2 多孔聚合物材料的定义与分类 1

1.3 多孔聚合物材料的制备方法 2

1.3.1 基体发泡法 2

1.3.2 外部引入法 2

1.3.3 水辅助法 2

1.3.4 化学刻蚀法 3

1.4 多孔聚合物材料研究进展 4

1.5 多孔聚合物材料的隔热与降温性能 5

1.5.1 隔热性能 5

1.5.2 降温性能 5

1.6 多孔聚合物材料的应用及展望 6

1.7 课题工作内容和方法 6

1.7.1 课题内容 6

1.7.2 课题工作方法 6

第二章 实验部分 8

2.1 实验原料 8

2.2 实验仪器与设备 8

2.3 实验配方 9

2.4 样品制备 10

2.4.1 PVC/CaCO₃复合薄膜制备 10

2.4.2 PVC多孔膜制备 10

2.5测试与表征 11

2.5.1 扫描电子显微分析 11

2.5.2 傅里叶变换红外光谱 11

2.5.3 X射线衍射分析 11

2.5.4 隔热性能 11

2.5.5 接触角 11

2.5.6 紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计测试 11

2.5.7 实际降温性能 12

2.5.8 力学性能 12

第三章 结果与讨论 13

3.1 CaCO₃粉体表征 13

3.2 隔热性能 14

3.3 接触角 15

3.4 太阳光反射率测试 17

3.5 实际降温性能 19

3.6 拉伸性能 20

第四章 结论 22

参考文献 23

致谢 26

绪论

1.1前言

近年来，能源浪费和环境污染问题已成为世界各国人民共同关心的问题，如何节能减排也已成为各领域研究者共同关注的问题。在很多国家，建筑方面的能源消耗占比都是整体能源消耗中最大的，约占全球能源消耗量的40%，而在这之中绝大多数的能量消耗在了建筑物的内部空间的制冷与保暖方面^[1,2]。隔热降温材料的使用可以减少人们对于建筑内空间温度的主动调节（如空调以及暖气的使用），建造出一种节能型建筑，从而有效的提高能源利用率，减少能源消耗，还能减少温室气体的排放^[3]。在中国，节能型建筑仅占新增建筑的3%，对隔热降温材料的利用较少，因此研究对这种材料的研究是十分必要的。

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