1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Literature Review This chapter consists of two sections. Section 2.1 mainly introduces Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature. In section 2.2, the related studies of conversational implicature and the conversational implicature of Sister Carrier will be presented. 2.1 Theoretical foundation 2.1.1 The Introduction of Cooperative Principle The Research on cooperative principle has always been a critical study in pragmatics. It was put forward firstly in 1967 when the American philosopher Paul Grice made an address at Harvard University, which is the general rule of the mechanism for the derivation of conversational implicatures. Grice believes that people#8217;s language communication would never be a series of combination of unconnected discourse. A conversation must be confined by some certain conditions, and a successful conversation is the result of mutual efforts. When people started a conversation to achieve a common goal, both parties hope to get mutual understanding and cooperation, and comply with a cooperative principle. Therefore, Grice formulates the Cooperative Principles:”Make your conversational contribution such as is requited at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four maxims in his book Logic and Conversation, including quantity maxim, quality maxim, relevant maxim and manner maxim. A. The maxim of quantity 1. Make your contribution as informative as is requited 2. Do not say what your contribution more informative than is requited B. The maxim of quality 1. Do not say what you believe to be false 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence C. The maxim of relevance 1.Be relevant D. The maxim of manner 1. Avoid obscurity of expression 2. Avoid ambiguity 3. Be brief 4. Be orderly 2.1.2 The conversational implicature Conversational implicature was first proposed by Grice, an American philosopher, which is the core of pragmatics and plays a very important role in verbal communication. Conversational Implicature theory attracts the wide attention of circles of philosophy and linguistics with its novel and important content. Grice formally proposed the "theory of non-natural meanings" in his article Meaning published in 1957. He divided the meaning into two categories: "natural meaning" and "non-natural meaning". The important theoretical significance of this distinction is to advocate the use of "non-natural meaning theory" to comprehensively and deeply analyze the meanings of discourse or the content of information exchanges in communication. Grice's "non-natural meaning theory" is actually a communication theory. Any communication process involves in communicative intention, any successful communication depends on the listener to understand the communicator's intentions accurately. 2.1.3 The relationship of Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature Cooperative Principle bears a close relationship with conversational implicature. When one speaker deliberately violate one or more maxims in a conversation, the other speaker who understand the underlying meaning will analyze and conclude it in accordance with the mutual knowledge, information and the situation, which is conducive to the emergence of the conversational implicature. In this thesis, the analysis of how to use the maxims of Cooperative Principle to study the conversational implicature on the basis of both the speaker and the listener will be presented. 2.2. Related Studies 2.2.1 Studies of Cooperative Principle Hu zhuanglin is the first to introduce the Cooperative Principle in China in 1980. It was him who proposed the principle and its relevant theories in his book Pragmatics. After that, Chen yumin, another linguist, wrote an essay of pragmatics named The Grice#8217;s Cooperative Principle and Related Discussion, which were recognized as the most understandable essay of cooperative principle at that time. Since then, the discussion of pragmatics has attracted the great attention on Chinese linguistics. Apart from Hu zhuanglin and Chen yumin, a lot of well-known scholars began to participate into the research of cooperative principles. Feng zongxin, a professor of Tsinghua University, discusses the notion and philosophical framework of the Cooperative Principle. From his article Forty years of Grice#8217;s principle(Feng zongxin, 2008), he noted that the value of the Grice#8217;s Principle has been and will still be a useful philosophical blue print for all efforts aiming at theorizing purposive use of language in rational human communication. Furthermore, in his another article The Theory of Conversational Implicature and Its Reality Meaning in the Real-world(Feng zongxin, 2002), he believes that Grice' s theory of conversational implicature is an idealized theory on the general nature of human communication , which , as Levinson points out, ”may describe a philosopher' s paradise” .Based on the classical relationship in most western philosophies between ”presence” and ”absence” , or between ideal virtual worlds and actual worlds, the paper proposes that the ideal world of Grice' s theory is one of which all social theorization is based .Therefore , the value of Grice' s classical theory does not lie as much in its real-world manipulability sin its methodological implications in exploring into conversational behavior in social interaction. The interpersonal communication is not consisted of a series of irrelevant discourse, but to some extent, it is at least the both parties#8217; cooperative behaviors, and both parties need to know a common goal, which is definite. Under such precondition, the cooperation is featured of convention, prescriptive and compulsive, because it is the indispensable essential factor of start and end point of both parties. In a word, Cooperative Principle needs speakers and listeners have the common information and situations. Only under this precondition can the two parties carry on the conversation. 2.2.2 Studies of conversational implicature of Sister Carrier The study of the conversational implicature gives us another angle to understand the novel. Through the article A perspective of the Characteristics of Carrier and Drouet from Cooperative Principle (Song huiyan, 2014), the author, Song huiyan, studies the characteristics of Carrier and Drouet from the perspective of the Cooperative Principle with the method of the new criticism, which is one of the most influential critical schools in English and American critical fields from the 1920s to the 1950s. She analyzed the the conversation of Carrier, Drouet and Hurstwood in details to study their different characteristics. It can be found that Carrier and Drouet have many similarities such as hypocrisy, selfish and vanity. But Carrier is smarter than Drouet. She is sharp-eyed and prudent, but less sophisticated than Drouet. Although they lived together, they could not resist the temptation of the outside world, eventually resulted in their break up. From the article Grice: the Deduction of the Conversational Implicature (yang kaifu, 2003), we can see that the meaning of discourse communication consists of literal meaning and implied meaning. The literal meaning implies the convention meaning of the discourse, which featured of obvious, unity and universality (it can be understood by any people with linguistic knowledge). While implied meaning refers to the discourse is specific in a particular context. It is obscure, changeable (varies with context) and specific (understandable only in the context). To make the successful goal, the conversation of the novel often has the literal meaning and implication. Thus it is of great importance to figure out the psychological activities of the characters through the analysis of its Conversational implicature. Besides, the development of the plots, the social background and the spirit of that special time can be comprehended. According to the above studies, we can know that conversational implicature is an important guideline to analyze a novel, which contains much valuable information. As far as I know, most scholars have analyzed Sister Carrier in such aspects as the naturalism, the American dream, feminism, etc. While few of them have analyzed its conversational implicature. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze the conversational implicature of Sister Carrier on the basis of Grice#8217;s Cooperative Principle theory. Contents Abstract 1.Introduction 1.1 Research background 1.2 Purpose and Significance of the study 2.Literature review 2.1 Theoretical foundation 2.1.1 The introduction of Cooperative Principle 2.1.2 The conversational implicature 2.1.3 The relationship of Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature 2.2 Related studies 2.2.1 Studies of Cooperative Principle 2.2.2 Studies of conversational implicature of Sister Carrier 3.Methodology 3.1 Research subject and material 3.2 Collection and analysis of research material 4.Results Results and Discussion 5.Conclusion 6.Reference Reference [1]. Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie [M]. Beijin: Foreign Language Teaching and Studying Press. 1981 [2]. Levinson, S.C. Pragmatics. [M]. Cambridge CUP. [3]. Thomas Jenny. Meaning in interaction: an Introduction to pragmatic [M]. London: Longman,1995 [5]. Jingjie DU. A Study on the Conversational Implicature in Sons and Lovers From the Perspective of Cooperative Principle [D]. Studies in Literature and Language, 2016.5 [6]. 封宗信. 理想世界中的会话含义理论及其现实意义[J]. 外语教学. 2002 [7]. 封宗信. 格莱斯原则四十年[J]. 外语教学. 2008 [8]. 黄开红. 社会转型期的”美国梦”#8212;#8212;试析《嘉莉妹妹》的道德倾向[J]. 外国文学研究. 2006 [9]. 李平. 违反”合作原则”的现象及其语用效果分析[J]. 西北民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）. 2005 [10]. 卢婷. 会话合作原则视角下人物性格塑造以《纸牌屋》为列[D]. 贵州师范大学. 2016 [11]. 莫莉莉. 言语交际中违反合作原则现象刍议论[J]. 外语教学. 1999　 [12]. 宋慧岩. 通过”合作原则”透视嘉莉与杜洛埃的性格特征[J]. 科技世界. 2014（26） [13]. 王蓉. 嘉莉妹妹的新女性形象分析[J]. 山西农业大学学报. 2007 [14]. 汪艳萍. 从嘉莉妹妹的不同视角来解读时代新女性[J]. 语文建设. 2015 [15]. 杨达复. 格莱斯：会话含义的推断[J]. 外语教学.2003

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Methodology The study aims to answer the following two questions. One is that, in the context of violating Cooperative Principle, what conversational implicature is produced according to the conversation among the three main characters. The other is how the writer applied the conversational implicature to depict their personalities. This part will be divided into two parts. Section3.1 illustrates the research subject and material, and section3.2 introduces the collection and analysis of the research material. 3.1 The research subject and material The research subject is to study the Grice#8217;s Cooperative Principle. In order to make the study more clear and understandable, I will choose the example analysis as the main research method. My research material is the novel Sister Carrier. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, the violation of Cooperative Principle exists in almost every literary works. Such violation always has its own specific meaning, which can express the writers#8217; thoughts. Thus the characters can be made more perfect and vivid. Secondly, it is known to us that Sister Carrier is the epitome of the age when the American capitalism developed rapidly at the end of the nineteenth century. It depicts a poor countryside girl#8217;s changing life. With the help of Drouet and Hurstwood, the heroine, Carrier, became a popular actress in New York and squeezed into the upper class. She finally realized her dream. Carrier represents the broken American dream of the generation of that time, while all the highs and lows that Hurstwood has experienced is the embodiment of cruelty in the capitalist society. Therefore, it is a great valuable novel that deserves a comprehensive analysis. Thirdly, the research of Sister Carrier on the basis of Cooperative Principle is not so much, thus it gives me an opportunity to conduct the study. To be more specific, I will take conversations among Carrier, Drouet and Hurstwood as examples. Because they#8217;re more characteristic and representative. 3.2 Collection and analysis of research material First, two maxims of Cooperative Principle, including quality maxim, manner maxim, will be the theoretical foundation. Because the two maxims are more used than relevant and quantity maxim in the novel. In terms of the quality maxim, the speaker will mostly use such rhetorical devices as metaphor, irony and hyperbole, which is of great help for me to study Cooperative Principle. Naturally, the conversation of Sister Carrier which not only violates the maxims of quality and manner of Cooperative Principle but also reflects the personalities of the main characters will be chosen. Second, the implied meaning of the novel#8217;s conversation will be presented with the help of many papers written by other scholars. Third, those that maxims which have violated the same maxim will be divided into the same group. Under different groups, I will figure out the conversation meaning and conclude the various characteristics of the figures. Finally, by analyzing all the information above, I will make a conclusion about the symbolic meaning of the novel and point out that Cooperative Principle plays a great important role in analyzing literary works.