论文总字数：21052字

摘 要

倾斜摄影测量技术，是近年来测绘领域中新兴的高新技术，在城市化三维建模、地形测绘中得到了广泛的应用。以数字化测量为主的传统地形测绘技术，效率低，劳动关系强度大。相对于传统的地形测绘，无人机倾斜摄影具有多种多样、可视化成本高、效率高、效果好等优点。大比例尺地形图测绘作为一项基础性测绘工作，在城市发展、地籍和房产、工程测量等领域发挥着重要作用。

在常规大比例尺测图方法中，由于外业工作量大，内业数据信息处理比较复杂，使数据分析的工作周期变长，更新速度缓慢。近年来，无人驾驶飞机航摄系统以其操作方便、成本低、机动性强等特点，在测绘业界广受欢迎。当前，使用无人机航摄系统绘制大比例尺地形图主要以无人机航飞正射图像特征图作为底图，内业编辑成图后，辅以外业补绘和调绘完成^[1]。由于二维图像数据本身的局限性，在内业数据采集过程中存在着许多不确定性因素，如建筑物层数、屋檐改正距离等，这些都是需要进行外部补绘才能完成的。无人机倾斜摄影技术的发展，使研究成果的分析数据从二维空间结构升级到三维空间，可以全方位、立体化还原地物特征，进一步减少外业工作负荷，加快数据采集速度。改进了传统摄影测量方法，只获取地面要素的高度或上部纹理信息，易受云层和天气的干扰，通过携带多个传感器，从一个垂直、多个倾斜等不同角度，可获得高分辨率、大视场角度以及更为详尽的地物特征和地貌信息^[1]。该传感器在采集图像时，能自动记录航高、航速、重叠、姿态和位置等信息，使图像数据成为地物特征，并能真实地反映地形情况。应用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术进行大比例尺地形图测绘，可以克服传统大比例尺地形图测绘的诸多缺点，发挥无人机在高时效、高分辨率、低成本、低损耗、低风险、低重复等方面的优势，实现产品多样化、快速、高效地绘制大比例尺地形图、DEM、DOM、DSM等，并可通过自动控制生成不同地物点的云和地面实景三维模型^[1]。

本文设计对象是无人机倾斜摄影影像的处理与数据加工，分别从无人机的分类、无人机倾斜摄影测量、无人机倾斜摄影技术的运用和无人机倾斜摄影数据处理等方面进行了设计。主要设计内容如下：

1. 介绍无人机的分类，无人机倾斜摄影测量的作业流程；
2. 分析无人机倾斜摄影测量技术应用的要点，具体分析无人机倾斜摄影在大比例地形图测绘中的应用；
3. 内业数据处理的过程。空中三角测量的计算、三维模型的生成、正射影像的制作等；
4. 精度的分析。

关键词：无人机；倾斜摄影技术；无人机倾斜摄影技术；无人机倾斜摄影技术的应用

Abstract

Tilt photogrammetry is a new high technology in the field of surveying and mapping in recent years. It has been widely used in the three-dimensional modeling and topographic mapping of urbanization. The traditional topographic mapping technology based on digital surveying has low efficiency and high intensity of labor relationship. Compared with traditional topographic mapping, UAV tilt photography has many advantages such as variety, high visualization cost, high efficiency and good effect. Large-scale topographic map, as a basic surveying and mapping work, plays an important role in urban development planning, cadastral and real estate surveying, engineering project construction technology survey.

In the traditional digital mapping method, due to the heavy workload and complex data information processing technology, the data analysis has a longer period and a slower update speed. In recent years, the unmanned aerial camera system is popular in the surveying and mapping field because of its convenient operation, low cost and strong maneuverability. This method inherits the characteristics of UAV aerial photography and greatly improves the efficiency of large-scale topographic map updating. At present, UAV aerial photography system is mainly used to draw large scale topographic map using UAV aerial orthophoto image feature map as the bottom map, internal editing map, supplemented by field mapping and mapping. Due to the limitation of 2D image data, there are many uncertain factors in the process of interior data acquisition, such as building stories, eaves correction distance and so on. The development of UAV tilt photography technology upgrades the analysis data from 2D space structure to 3D space, which can fully and stereoscopically restore the features of ground objects, further reduce the field work load and speed up the data collection. The traditional photogrammetry method is improved to obtain only the height or upper texture information of ground elements, which is easy to be disturbed by clouds and weather. The sensor can automatically record the information of height, speed, overlap, attitude and position, make the image data become the features of terrain, and can reflect the terrain truly. The application of UAV tilt photogrammetry technology to large scale topographic map mapping can overcome many shortcomings of traditional large scale topographic map mapping, bring into play the advantages of UAV in such aspects as high efficiency, high resolution, low cost, low loss, low risk, low repetition, etc., realize the product diversification, fast and efficient drawing of large scale topographic map, DEM, DOM, DSM, etc., and can automatically control and generate cloud and ground real scene 3D models of different points.

The object of this study is the research on the processing and data processing of UAV tilt photographic image. The classification of UAV, the measurement of UAV tilt photography, the application of UAV tilt photography technology and the data processing of UAV tilt photography are studied respectively. The main research contents are as follows:

(1) This paper introduces the classification of UAV and the operation process of UAV tilt photogrammetry;

(2) This paper analyzes the key points of the main technology application of UAV tilt photography and the application in large-scale topographic mapping;

(3) The process of internal data processing. The calculation of aerial triangulation, the generation of three-dimensional model, the production of Orthophoto Image, etc.

(4) Accuracy analysis.

Key words: UAV; tilt photography; UAV tilt photography; application of UAV tilt photography

目录

摘 要 I

Abstract III

第一章 绪论 1

1.1课题设计的背景与意义 1

1.1.1设计背景 1

1.1.2设计意义 2

1.2无人机倾斜摄影测量的现状 2

1.2.1无人机倾斜摄影测量技术国内外现状 2

1.2.2倾斜摄影测量在国内外的发展现状 3

1.3论文结构 4

第二章 无人机倾斜摄影 5

2.1无人机倾斜摄影测量技术 5

2.1.1无人机 5

2.1.2倾斜摄影测量技术 7

2.1.3无人机倾斜摄影测量技术 7

2.2无人机倾斜摄影测量 9

2.2.1无人机倾斜摄影测量的作业流程 9

2.2.2无人机倾斜摄影测量系统 10

2.3本章小结 10

第三章 无人机倾斜摄影测量技术的应用 11

3.1无人机倾斜摄影测量技术应用的要点 11

3.1.1三维模型 11

3.1.2航摄测量要点 11

3.1.3实验数据采集要点 12

3.1.4实验数据预处理要点 12

3.2无人机倾斜摄影测量技术在大比例尺地形图测绘方面的应用 12

3.2.1技术流程 12

3.2.2.试验概况 12

第四章 无人机倾斜摄影测量数据加工 15

4.1航摄内业数据处理过程 15

4.1.1空三计算 15

4.2三维实景模型及正射影像制作 15

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