论文总字数：22257字

摘 要

三维激光扫描是上世纪末激光研究领域的一项重大突破。三维激光扫描技术以其简便、高精度、全数字化、全天时、全天候、高效等特点。能够快速获取扫描对象的实景三维数据，创建其表面三维立体模型，进而对数字化模型进行解析、数字化处理。并为相应的数字化产品提供基础数据源。广泛应用于考古与文物保护、数字城市建设、桥隧变形监测、水面和地面地形扫描测量、灾害监测预警等方面。三维激光扫描通过反射的高速激光脉冲信号，扫描目标对象，获取三维坐标信息。作业过程包括三维激光扫描、点云数据处理、扫描精度分析、地物要素测量等过程。

随着城市建设和社会经济的高速发展，城市建筑规划的多元化，大型多功能建筑、异形建筑日益增多，传统测量手段存在效率不高、准确性差、劳动强度大等劣势。外业作业效率低，内业作业繁琐，3D 激光扫描技术因其高精度、高效率、自动化将成为今后地铁隧道监测的主要发展方向。三维激光扫描能够在复杂的作业区操作，随着人们对建筑审美水平的提高，建筑物的外形，结构呈现的越来越复杂，不规则，三维激光扫描仪能够适应各种作业情景，本文结合具体应用介绍这一新技术。

如何高效、高效率地获取不同施工阶段现场点云数据，是目前隧道施工单位需要首先解决的问题。本文介绍了迭代配准算法和基于特征匹配的三维电云两种配准算法。介绍两种配准算法各自的优势。地铁安全监测项目多，传统测量手段和三维激光扫描仪的互补，能发挥各自的长处和优势，本文通过详细介绍三维激光扫描技术在工程监测中的应用，介绍这一新技术与传统手段的结合给测绘行带来的。

关键词：三维激光扫描 地铁安全保护区 变形监测 地铁隧道 点云

Three-dimensional laser survey of structural facilities in nanjing metro safety reserve

Abstract

A major breakthrough in laser applications in the mid-1990s was 3d laser scanning. 3d laser scanning technology is characterized by its convenience, high precision, full digitization, all-weather, all-weather, and high efficiency. It can quickly obtain the 3d spatial data of the scanned object, establish the three-dimensional model of its surface, and then analyze and digitally process the model.And provides the basic data source for the corresponding digital products. It is widely used in archaeology and cultural relic protection, digital city construction, bridge and tunnel deformation monitoring, surface and surface topography scanning survey, disaster monitoring and early warning. Three-dimensional laser scanning can scan the target object by the reflected high-speed laser pulse signal, and obtain the three-dimensional coordinate information in space. The operation process includes three dimensional laser scanning, point cloud data processing, scanning accuracy analysis, ground object element measurement and so on.

With the rapid development of urban construction and social economy and the diversification of urban building planning, large multi-functional buildings and special-shaped buildings are increasing day by day. The traditional measurement methods have some disadvantages, such as low efficiency, poor accuracy and high labor intensity. Due to low field operation efficiency and complicated internal operation, 3D laser scanning technology will become the main trend of subway tunnel monitoring in the future due to its high precision, high efficiency and automation.3d laser scanning can be operated in a complex space, and the 3d laser scanning technology can directly realize the complete collection of various irregular, large, complex, standard or non-standard 3d data. This paper introduces the application of 3d laser scanning technology in engineering monitoring in detail.

How to efficiently and efficiently obtain site point cloud data at different construction stages is the first problem that tunnel construction units need to solve. This paper introduces two kinds of registration algorithms: iterative registration algorithm and three-dimensional electric cloud registration algorithm based on feature matching. The advantages of two registration algorithms are introduced. There are many subway safety monitoring projects, and the traditional measurement means and 3d laser scanner complement each other, which can give play to their strengths and advantages. This paper introduces the application of 3d laser scanning technology in engineering monitoring in detail, and introduces the changes brought by the combination of this new technology and traditional means to the surveying and mapping industry.

Key words: three-dimensional;laser scanning subway security zone deformation monitoring subway tunnel point cloud

目 录

摘 要 I

Abstract II

第一章 绪论 4

1.1课题 究背景与意义 4

1.1.1课题研究背景 4

1.1.2课题研究意义 5

1.2国内外研究现状 6

1.3论文主要研究内容 6

第二章 三维激光扫描技术 9

2.1三维激光扫描技术简介 8

2.1.1三维激光扫描系统组成 9

2.1.2三维激光扫描测量系统 9

2.2三维激光扫描的应用领域 10

2.3三维激光扫描技术与地铁安全保护区变形监测 10

2.4本章小结 11

第三章 三维激光扫描点云数据处理 12

3.1点云的概念 12

3.2点云处理 10

3.2.1点云数据的压缩 13

3.2.2点云数据的去噪 13

3.2.3点云数据的拼接 13

3.2.4点云裁剪 15

3.3三维激光扫描精度评定 15

3.4本章小结 15

第四章 基于三维激光扫描技术的地铁变形监测 16

4.1三维变形监测的方法和原理介绍 16

4.2三维激光扫描技术在地铁监测中的运用 16

4.2.1地铁变形监测 16

4.2.2隧道监测三维建模 17

4.3监测重目的要性及 17

4.4 监测范围及要求 17

4.5地铁隧道安全监测内容 19

4.5.1地铁结构零状态相关信息普查 19

4.5.2道床沉降位移监测监测方法 19

4.5.3水平位移、收敛监测 23

4.6本章小结 27

第五章 总结与展望 29

5.1结论 29

5.2展望 29

参考文献： 31

致谢 34

第一章 绪论

1.1课题 究背景与意义

1.1.1课题研究背景

我国的城镇化远未结束，对交通运力需求越来越大，国民经济的发展，为国家进行大规模开发提供了强有力的资金支撑。各大城市相继提出宏大的地下空间交通建设计划。发展城市轨道交通网，是现代城市交通发展的必然选择，也是破解“大城市病”的必由之路。地铁沿线蕴藏巨大的经济潜力，吸引各大开发商纷纷在地铁沿线进行布局。大规模的基础设施建设和房地产开发对地铁结构设施安全势必影响，新的地铁线路开通组网、以及建筑群会对原有地层土壤地质条件产生影响，一定程度造成建筑物、构筑物及地铁结构的变形。所以在地铁保护区范围进行工程建设的整个过程都必须进行严密监测。

监测范围包括隧道收敛、土层沉降、建筑物结构形变、地基护坡沉降、建筑物水平位移、建筑物支护结构位移变形、结构内力、土方压力、城市地下水位线等监测内容。而使用传统的全站仪等监测仪器对隧道进行监测时暴露出的缺点，诸如自动化率低、人力强度大、作业效率低等诸多缺陷，3D 激光扫描技术因获取数据快、精准度高、数据质量好、海量、无接触测量、将成为今后地铁隧道监测的主要趋势。本文以南京地铁3号线卡子门站至大明路站区间紫金(秦淮)科技创业特别社区宜家南侧地块项目段地铁保护区监测为例，介绍三维激光扫描技术在地铁安全区开挖监测的应用 。

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