论文总字数：43201字

摘 要

塔设备是化学工业，石油化工，生物化工，制药等生产过程中广泛采用的传质设备。根据塔内气液接触构件的结构形式，可分为板式塔和填料塔两大类。

板式塔为逐级接触式气液传质设备，塔内设置一定数量的塔板，气体以鼓泡形式或喷射形式通过塔板上的液层，正常条件下，气相为分散相，液相为连续相，气相组成呈阶梯变化，它具有结构简单，安装方便，压降低，操作弹性大，持液量小等优点，被广泛的使用。本设计的目的是提纯甲酸溶液，故选用板式塔。

浮阀塔板具有结构简单，制造方便，造价低等优点，且开孔率大，生产能力大，阀片可随气流量大小而上下浮动，故操作弹性大，气液接触时间长，因此塔板效率较高。本设计采用浮阀塔板。

采用泵直接加料，具有结构简单，安装方便等优点，而且可以引入自动控制系统来实时调节流量及流速。故本设计采用泵直接加料。

对于冷液进料，当进料组成一定时，流量也一定，但受环境影响较大；而采用泡点进料，不仅较为方便，而且不受环境温度的影响，同时又能保证精馏段与提馏段塔径基本相等，制造方便。故本设计采用泡点进料。

甲酸与水不反应，且容易冷凝，故塔顶采用全凝器，用水冷凝。塔顶出来的气体温度不高，冷凝后的回流液和产品无需进一步冷却，选用全凝器符合要求。

本设计所需塔板数较多，塔较高，为便于检修和清理，回流冷凝器不适宜塔顶安装，故采用强制回流。

加热方式分为直接蒸气和间接蒸气加热。直接蒸气加热在一定回流比条件下，塔底蒸气对回流液有稀释作用，从而会使理论塔板数增加，设备费用上升。故本设计采用间接蒸气加热方式。

甲酸和水在常压下相对挥发度相差比较大，因此在常压下也能比较容易分离，故本设计采用常压精馏。

甲酸是一种强腐蚀性酸，作为塔设备介质，对塔设备的腐蚀很大，所以在选用Q345-R钢材作为塔设备筒体材料时就需要做防腐结构的设计，降低对设备材料的腐蚀。本设计防腐材料选取钛钯合金。

Abstract

Tower is the chemical industry, petrochemical industry, bio-chemical, pharmaceutical and other production process is widely used in mass transfer equipment. According to the form of the structure of the column gas-liquid contact member can be a plate column and a packed column divided into two categories.

Progressively contacting plate tower type gas-liquid mass transfer device, set a certain number of column plates, the gas bubbled through the liquid or spray form the plates of the layer, under normal conditions, the gas phase is the dispersed phase and the liquid phase is continuous phase, stepwise changes in gas composition, it has a simple structure, easy installation, low pressure drop, operating flexibility, holding a small amount of liquid, etc., are widely used. The purpose of this design is the purification of formic acid, so the selection of plate tower.

Valve trays have a simple structure, easy fabrication, low cost, and the opening rate, production capacity, with the gas flow valve size can fluctuate, so the operating flexibility, liquid contact for a long time, so the tower higher plate efficiency. The design uses a float valve tray.

Using direct feeding pump, has a simple structure, easy installation, etc., and can introduce an automatic control system to regulate the flow and velocity in real time. Therefore, the design uses a direct feed pump.

For cold liquid feed, when the feed composition is constant, the flow rate must also, but the larger environmental influences; while using bubble point feed not only more convenient, but is not affected by ambient temperature, while ensuring the rectifying section and the stripping section of the column diameter substantially equal to facilitate manufacturing. Therefore, the design uses the bubble point feed.

Formic acid does not react with water, and easy to condense, so with full overhead condenser, water condensation. Out of the overhead gas temperature is not high, a reflux liquid and the condensed product was used without further cooled condenser optional full compliance.

The design of the required number of plate more, the higher the tower, for ease of maintenance and cleaning, reflux condenser inappropriate tower installation, so the use of forced return.

Heating steam into direct and indirect steam heating. Direct steam heating at a reflux ratio conditions, the reflux liquid bottoms dilution steam, thereby increasing the number of theoretical plates will increased equipment costs. Therefore, the design uses indirect steam heating.

Formic acid and water, the relative volatility at atmospheric pressure difference is relatively large, so at atmospheric pressure can be relatively easily separated, the design uses the atmospheric distillation.

   Formic acid is a highly corrosive acid, as a media tower, tower corrosion of big, so in the selection of Q345-R as a tower of steel tube material would need to do anticorrosive structure design to reduce corrosion of equipment and materials . The design of anti-corrosion material selected titanium-palladium alloy.

目录

第一章：精馏塔的工艺设 ..................................................................................................1

第一节：精馏塔全塔物料衡算 ..........................................................................................1

第二节：基本数据...................................................................................................................1

1.常压下甲酸-水气液平衡组成（摩尔与温度关系）.........................................................1

2.密度........................................................................................................................................2

3.混合物的粘度........................................................................................................................4

4.混合液体表面张力................................................................................................................5

5.相对挥发度............................................................................................................................6

6.实际回流比的确定................................................................................................................6

7.气液相体积流量....................................................................................................................9

8.数据汇总...............................................................................................................................10

第三节：理论塔板的计算....................................................................................................10

1.理论塔板..............................................................................................................................10

2.实际塔板数..........................................................................................................................11

第四节：塔径的初步设计...................................................................................................12

第五节：溢流装置.................................................................................................................14

1.降液管.................................................................................................................................14 .

2.溢流堰..................................................................................................................................15

3.受液盘..................................................................................................................................16

4.降液管底隙高度..................................................................................................................17

5.弓形降液管的宽度和横截面积..........................................................................................17

第六节：塔板布置及浮阀数目排列.................................................................................18

1.塔盘及布置.........................................................................................................................18

2.浮阀数及其排列..................................................................................................................19

1. ：塔板的流体力学计算............................................................................................23

第一节：气体通过浮阀塔板的压降................................................................................23

第二节：液泛........................................................................................................................25

第三节:雾沫夹带.................................................................................................................27

第四节：漏液校核...............................................................................................................30

第五节：塔的负荷性能图.................................................................................................30

1.雾沫夹带线.......................................................................................................................30

2.液泛线................................................................................................................................31

3.液相负荷上线关系式........................................................................................................33

4.液相负荷下线关系............................................................................................................34

5.漏液线关系式....................................................................................................................34

6.塔板负荷性能图................................................................................................................35

1. ：筒体与封头 ...........................................................................................................37

第一节：筒体与封头...........................................................................................................37

1.筒体....................................................................................................................................37

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