论文总字数：15990字

摘 要

中国是一个水资源大国，但水资源储量中有一大部分是难以融化的冰山和冰雪，实际可用的水储量有限，同时中国还是一个人口和工业大国，大规模工业生产带来的大量工业废水和庞大人口产生的生活废水加剧了水资源短缺的问题。如何处理和回用工业废水就成为解决水资源困境的重要一环。工业生产常使用地下水，地下水中Ca² 、Mg² 这些金属离子的含量较高，长期使用后因为水温，酸碱度等因素的影响，会在设备表面析出沉淀，从而结垢。

本课题针对磷系阻垢剂含磷且难以自然降解，阻垢剂自身稳定性不高；聚羧酸类阻垢剂对除碳酸钙，硫酸钙外其它种类水垢的阻垢效果不佳；天然阻垢剂使用量大但阻垢效果一般的问题，引入超支化网状聚合物，制备一种具有良好生物降解性，且阻垢率高的新型端羧基网状超支化聚合物阻垢剂，并进行红外结构表征。

本课题以丙烯酸甲酯(DETA)和二乙烯三胺(MA)为主要原料，引入丙烯酸钠进行改性，成功制备阻垢剂，并得到最优合成条件，红外结构表征显示三步主反应都成功完成。最优反应配比1.5:1；最优单体反应时间4 h；最优缩聚反应温度：100 ℃；最优缩聚反应时间4 h；最优丙烯酸钠投加量：3.5:1。最优合成条件下制备出的阻垢剂在投加量为6 mg/L至8 mg/L之间时，对硫酸钙阻垢率达95%以上，阻垢效果优异。

关键词：超支化聚合物；阻垢剂；硫酸钙

ABSTRACT

China is a big country with water resources, but there is still a large part of water resources reserves that are difficult to melt icebergs and ice and snow. The actual available water reserves are limited. At the same time, China is a large population and industrial country, and large amounts of industrial wastewater are brought by large-scale industrial production. Wastewater from large populations has exacerbated water shortages. How to deal with and reuse industrial wastewater has become an important part of solving the problem of water resources. Industrial production often uses groundwater, and the content of metal ions such as Ca2 and Mg2 in groundwater is relatively high. After long-term use, due to factors such as water temperature and pH, precipitation precipitates on the surface of the equipment, resulting in scaling.

This topic is aimed at phosphorus-containing scale inhibitors containing phosphorus and difficult to degrade naturally, and the scale inhibitors themselves are not very stable. Polycarboxylate scale inhibitors have poor scale inhibition effect on scales other than calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate; natural In order to solve the problem of large scale inhibitors and general scale inhibition effects, hyperbranched network polymers were introduced to prepare a novel carboxyl-terminated hyperbranched polymer scale inhibitor with good biodegradability and high scale inhibition rate. And infrared structural characterization.

In this project, methyl acrylate (DETA) and diethylenetriamine (MA) were used as the main raw materials, sodium acrylate was introduced to modify, and scale inhibitors were successfully prepared. The optimal synthesis conditions were obtained. Infrared structure characterization showed that there are three main reactions. Completed successfully. The optimal reaction ratio was 1.5:1; the optimal monomer reaction time was 4 h; the optimal polycondensation reaction temperature was 100 °C; the optimal polycondensation reaction time was 4 h; the optimal sodium acrylate dosage was 3.5:1. The antisludging agent prepared under the optimum synthesis conditions has a scale inhibition rate of over 95% for calcium sulfate when the dosage is 6 mg/L to 8 mg/L, and the scale inhibition effect is excellent.

Keywords: hyperbranched polymer; scale inhibitor; calcium sulfate

目录

摘 要 I

ABSTRACT II

第一章 文献综述 1

1.1背景 1

1.2水垢形成及影响因素 1

1.3水垢处理法 2

1.3.1物理法 2

1.3.2化学法 3

1.4阻垢剂的分类 4

1.4.1传统阻垢剂 4

1.4.2 新型阻垢剂 5

1.4.3阻垢剂研究进展 6

1.5超支化聚合物 6

1.5.1简介 6

1.5.2特点 7

1.5.3合成方法 7

1.6本课题研究内容 9

第二章 实验原理及方法 10

2.1 试剂与仪器 10

2.1.1实验试剂 10

2.1.2实验仪器 10

2.2反应原理 10

2.3反应过程 11

2.4表征方法 13

2.4.1测定流出时间 13

2.4.2测定固含量 13

2.4.3阻垢率测定实验 13

2.4.4红外表征 14

第三章 实验结果分析 15

3.1优化合成条件 15

3.1.1单体反应配比 15

3.1.2单体反应时间 16

3.1.3缩聚反应温度 18

3.1.4缩聚反应时间 19

3.1.5丙烯酸钠投加量 19

3.2最佳合成条件下阻垢剂的性能 20

3.3红外结构表征 21

第四章 结论 23

参考文献 24

致 谢 26

1. 文献综述

1.1背景

中国工业规模的不断在扩大，工业用水需求量与日俱增，2015年我国工业用水占全国总用水量四分之一，同时随着环保压力的增大，工业用水的循环利用率不断提高。工业用水大多采用地下水，地下水具有高含盐量、高硬度、高碱度的特点。其中的Ca² 、Mg² 等离子随着水温和pH的变化在设备表面析出沉积物，产生严重的结垢现象。

循环冷却系统^[1]是工厂的重要组成部分，妥善处理水垢是保障冷却系统正常运行的关键环节。水垢是指分散在水中的金属离子或颗粒结晶析出附着在设备表面的沉积物，多次重复使用后，循环水的水质会变差，因而更容易产生沉淀同时使循环水的传热能力下降。大量沉积的水垢会严重影响设备管道的正常运行，导致能耗变高，产品质量得不到保证，维护成本上升和设备寿命缩短甚至引发事故^[2]。表1.1展示了不同水垢层厚下的热损失与能耗增加：

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