1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

When it comes to the translation of English news headlines, one can never ignore the first person who brought the translation theory of English news into China. The earliest Chinese article available to the author of this paper is News Translation in the Perspective of Communication Theory (1969) by Hong Kong scholar Yu Yelu in his discussion of news translation studies. New and interesting in the field of study, the article outlines news translation as a social function, news translators as gatekeepers of news communicating, and the selection and translation of news as a process combining highly subjective judgments with objective reflections. Discussions about news translation can also be found in chapters of books on translation studies. Liu Bingzhang (1983) points out that news English are characterized by its wide range of topics and genres and frequent occurrence of new words. His discussion centers on translating words in news in three ways, namely, a) different interpretations of the same word in different contexts; b) appropriate allocations of the translated words; and c) translating those English words that do not have Chinese equivalents as part of phrases instead of as individual words. These articles are inspiring sparks for following researchers and enable them to carry out their studies in a more systematic way. As time goes on, people make further study on translating different parts of news, such as the study on news headlines. Many scholars, experts, linguists have carried out their research on news headlines. Some study the characteristics of the news headlines; some have been trying to find a better way to translate the headlines; others show their interest in the analysis of rhetoric appeared in news headlines. Too many researches and too many articles are related to this kind of study. Some of them are listed as followed. In terms of rhetoric used in English news headlines, different people have different ideas. Hu gGuixu and Liu Hongquan (2006) summarizes in his article The rhetorical features of#160;news headlines in the#160;perspective#160;of the#160;Washington Post that phonetic rhetoric, oxymoron, metonymy, climax, satirize, parody, figures of speech, personification, ellipse are the main rhetoric which appear in news headlines. He also concludes that rhetoric makes news headline more interesting and vivid. The more interesting the headline is, the more readers it may have. He gives many examples to approve his opinions, which makes his article easy to understand. Some articles on rhetoric and features of news headlines in Mainland China were published sporadically in Journal of Hangzhou University ( 《杭州大学报》 ). Bai Xijia (1996) On the Characteristics and translation of news headlines describes his views from his working experience in Zhejiang Television. His discussion centers on translation and characteristics of news headlines in three parts, namely, a) the features and requirements of news translation; b) headlines#8212;the window of news; c) the translation of novel and fresh words used in the press. In his articles, he presents four kinds of rhetoric, abbreviation, short-form words for proper words, infinitive for what will happen, and flexible use of punctuation. He emphasizes that the translation should be of great fluency, rationality, and logicality. In spite of introducing rhetoric and features of news headlines, many scholars, experts and academics make more efforts in studying how to translate news headlines suitably. When it comes to translation, the distinguished linguist Eugene A. Nida (1969) pointed out in his masterpiece the Theory and Practice of Translation: ”Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. ” This is only a general principle of translation, but there are still detailed methods with respect to the translating headlines of news. In Principles of Translation (1990), Chen Ding#8217;an states that the key points in translating news headlines are a) translators should be accurate in translating special terms of all professions; b) the style of news headlines translation should not be too colloquial or too formal; c) translators should have a correct understanding of the news content before translating the headline of a news story; d) translating the meaning of words or sentences prioritizes translating their forms; and e) translators should remain objective in doing translating. In A Practical Course of Telegraphic Translating (1999), Zeng Qingfeng analyzes the stylistic features of English telegraphic news and theirs relations with translation and bilingual conversion. He then explains translation skills employed at the lexical, grammatical and rhetorical levels of news English. In A Course of News Translation (2004), Liu Qizhong, the founder of China Daily (Hong Kong edition), illustrates news translation practices both in Mainland China and Hong Kong with his expertise in both journalism and translation. He is one of the few high profile scholars who delves into the study of news translation and offers case studies to show students how to do transediting of news on a practical basis. The latest book pertaining to the present study is Translation for the media (2004) written by Dr. Zheng Baoxuan from City University of Hong Kong. Her studies of news translation in both newspaper and TV provide a general view to researchers in this field. Her work offers a relatively systematic study of transediting English news into Chinese news, which is of some value to the author of this paper. In Cultural Differences and Translation of English News Headlines (201o), Hu Qun shares three principles of translating English news headlines, namely, a) literal translation; b) meaning translation; c) balance translation (including adding words and cutting words). These principles may help readers get a fully understanding of the in-depth meaning of English news headlines. He states that translating news headlines requires translators to gain a collection of knowledge covering the history of English countries, their cultures and age background. Not only that, translators must know deeply our country#8217;s history and get some certain knowledge of Chinese linguistic features and rhetoric, which can be extracted and put into use and can express the same wonderful and witted things in Chinese translation as that in the original ones. The differences between English and Chinese should be taken into consideration when translators do their translation of English news headlines. A great number of books and articles on the study of news can be found in foreign languages, especially in English; however, research findings of the translation of news headlines, as one might expect, are not so many. This, generally speaking, is due to the marginalized status of news translation in both media and translation studies as mentioned before. Therefore foreign scholars in this field and their research findings are important because they provide the Westerner#8217;s view on the translation of news headlines and may shed light on the study of this paper. In the article of Comparison between Chinese and English Headlines and the Translation from English Headlines to Chinese Headlines, by consulting different books and journals, Min PENG analyses the differences between Chinese and English headlines through the aspects of words, grammar, rhetoric and structure, then concludes methods to translate the English headlines to Chinese headline. In Method of Embodying the Meaning of Headlines Using News Articles, Misako Imono, Eriko Yoshimura, Seiji Tsuchiya, and Hirokazu Watabe point out that in recent years, various studies have investigated intelligent robots that can smoothly communicate with humans. They think that communication between humans is often achieved through conversation, so it is likely that robots will need to be able to perform human-like conversation. There are various types of human conversation. Intelligent robots will be expected to perform conversations a lot as human. In order to realize such conversation in robots, resources for making new topics is required. They herein focus on the news website headlines because headlines are a more appropriate format for initiating conversation than the text of articles. However, they think that there is a problem in that specific information, lacking from headlines. Therefore, they present a method of embodying the meaning of headlines using news articles. It is clear that the uniqueness of the translating the headlines of news is primarily and profusely reflected in its words and phrases, and a further and analytical study on it will be exceedingly necessary and of far-reaching importance.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

The following research methods are used in this paper: 1.Observation and comparison are the main research methods. Observation does not just mean ”seeing”. In real life the acts of perceiving, interpreting, assessing, and reacting, for example, can often seem to be simultaneously used to collect information. So for, some observation can mean all of these things together. 2.Sample analysis, or case study in other words, is used to analyze rhetoric used in news headlines in detail. Examples make the analysis simple and easy to understand. I will try my best to provide abundant examples to support my arguments and make my thesis more reliable. 3.Some works, articles, journals and books on this subject have been read before my starting this paper, which can be found in the library and on the Internet. In this way, I intend to introduce and appreciate what kinds of rhetoric have been used in news headlines; then give brief introduction to translating methods used to translate news headlines. With my hard work and my tutor#8217;s kind and valuable help, I#8217;m deeply convinced that I can finish this paper with desire results.