论文总字数：29766字

摘 要

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to the author 1

1.2 Introduction to the translator 1

1.3 Introduction to the novel 2

1.4 The Development of English Version of A Dream of Red Mansions 2

2. Literature Review 3

2.1 General Discussion on A Dream of Red Mansions 3

2.2 Purpose of Writing 4

3. Bao Yu’s Image 5

3.1 Bao Yu’s characters 5

3.2 Bao Yu’s Tears 5

3.2.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Dai Yu 5

3.2.2 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for servant girls 7

3.2.2.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Qing Wen and Xi Ren 7

3.2.2.2 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Second Sister You 7

3.2.3 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for friends 8

3.2.3.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Qin Zhong 8

3.3 A Summary of Bao Yu’s Image 8

4. Jia Zheng’s Image 10

4.1 Jia Zheng’s Characters 10

4.2 Jia Zheng’s Tears 10

4.2.1 Jia Zheng’s Tear-shedding for Bao Yu 11

4.2.2 Jia Zheng’s Tear-shedding for His Mother 11

4.3 A Summary of Jia Zheng’s Image 12

5. Jia Lian’s Image 13

5.1 Jia Lian’s Characters 13

5.2 Jia Lian’s Tears 13

5.2.1 Jia Lian’s Tear-shedding for Wang Xi Feng 13

5.2.2 Jia Lian’s Tear-shedding for Second Sister You 14

5.3 A Summary of Jia Lian’s Image 14

6. Conclusion 15

References 16

Acknowledgments

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to whom have helped and supported me when I was writing this thesis.

First, I would love to give my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Zhu Li who has offered me constant guidance no matter when it was from the beginning of the topic selection or when writing the paper till several times revision. She always teaches and helps me patiently. And she also gives me good advice. Her rich academic knowledge and rigorous attitude towards academics have had a subtle influence on me. I really thank Prof. Zhu for her help. Her help and supervision for me have had a positive impact on my future life.

Next, my gratitude should be given to the professors in the School of Foreign Languages and Literature Department in Nanjing Tech University. They selflessly imparted us with their excellent academic knowledge, rich experience, especially their rich life experience. The teachers who are more like friends have created a good academic atmosphere for me and made me more confident in completing this thesis.

Then, I feel like giving my appreciation to my friends who have lent me their hands when I was confronted with barriers in both thesis and life. I appreciate their company. Their encouragement and support make my life happier.

Last but not least, I would like to express my love to my family, whose love and concern for me gives me the strength to face the difficulties in life, and makes me more confident in completing this thesis.

Abstract

For a long time, the study of the images of A Dream of Red Mansions has focused on the female images. Comparatively speaking, the study of male images is much weaker. They pay more attention to male images’ ugly side of human nature and ignore that men are complicated and multi-faceted. Therefore, this thesis selects several typical male characters in the first 80 chapters of the novel and studies their unique personality and the overall image of the characters respectively by analyzing the process and causes of their shedding tears, and then summarizes the important role tears play in image creation in the end.

This thesis has selected a total of three male characters by studying both the original work and the English version of A Dream of Red Mansions. The characters are Bao Yu，Jia Zheng，and Jia Lian. In addition, it analyzes and compares the causes of their several times shedding tears in order to discover the diversity and uniqueness of their personality; besides, it digs into the significance of male image research.

Keywords: study of male images; tears; image creation; original work and the English version of A Dream of Red Mansions

中文摘要

长期以来,红楼梦人物形象研究就注重于女性形象研究。相比较而言，男性形象的研究就薄弱很多。并且他们更偏向于男性形象中人性丑陋的一面，从而往往忽略了人物形象存在的复杂性和多面性。所以，本文选取了《红楼梦》前八十回中几位典型的男性角色，通过分析他们流泪的过程和原因来分别研究他们独特的个性和人物的整体形象。最后总结出“眼泪”在男性人物形象塑造时起到的重要作用。

本文通过研读《红楼梦》原著和英译版，一共选择并讨论了三位男性人物,他们分别是贾宝玉、贾政和贾琏。通过对他们主要几次流泪的原因做分析和对比，来发现他们性格的多样性和独特性，并且进一步挖掘男性形象研究的意义。

关键词：男性形象研究；眼泪；形象塑造；《红楼梦》原著和英译版

1. Introduction

Characters are the soul of the novel. A Dream of Red Mansions, is regarded as one of the four classic novels of Chinese literature. There is no doubt that its characterization is extremely successful. According to statistics, there are a total of 448 people in A Dream of Red Mansions, including 235 men and 213 women. Although the most deeply rooted characters, with the exception of Bao Yu, are some female images. In a male-centered feudal society, men are the dominant members of society and the family at that time. The successful shaping of female images cannot be achieved without the good companionship of male images. So, when we sigh for many women in the novel, we should also look at their contemporary men with a different view. At the same time, to truly understand these female images deeply completely, we must not ignore the in-depth study of male characters with whom they are inextricably linked.

Introduction to the author

Known as the writer of A Dream of Red Mansions, Cao Xueqin was born in the 18th century of prosperity but suddenly fell into a state of withering and decay, which made him deeply experience the sadness of life and the ruthlessness of the world. He casted his tragic experience, his poetic emotion, his spirit of exploration, and his creative consciousness into his creation. Therefore, the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions aroused the interest of many and made him famous.

1.2 Introduction to the translator

Yang Xianyi was a famous Chinese translator, foreign literature researcher and poet. He and his wife, Gladys Yang, had worked together to translate the masterwork-- A Dream of Red Mansions. They adopted a literal translation method to translate novels and devoted themselves to the translation of Chinese literature and culture. They aimed to allow foreign readers to accept Chinese culture to a greater extent.

1.3 Introduction to the novel

A Dream of Red Mansions, is regarded as one of the four classic novels of Chinese literature. The novel takes the rise and fall of four families of Jia, Shi, Wang, Xue as its background, showing the true beauty of humanity and tragedy. It is a novel with worldwide influence, the summit of the Chinese fiction, an encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society, and the literature of traditional culture.

1.4 The Development of English Version of A Dream of Red Mansions

A Dream of Red Mansions is known as an encyclopedia of the feudal era. It is not only circulated in Chinese culture, but also widely spread in foreign cultures. This is mainly achieved through its translation. The English version of the novel extends the life of this work in English culture. It has produced several versions, and Mr. and Mrs. Yang’s version has the most extensive influence.

2. Literature Review

2.1 General Discussion on A Dream of Red Mansions

The achievement of A Dream of Red Mansions is prominently manifested in the author's creation of hordes of flesh-and-blood personalities. It has shaped many characters, each of which has its own unique character and has become an immortal artistic model, which makes life real and interesting. In A Dream of Red Mansions, with the story going on, the character of the figure is disclosed, the fun of life is permeated, and the secret of life is revealed. Its detailed description and language description inherited and developed the tradition of the excellent novels of the previous generation. However, the studies of the characters in A Dream of Red Mansions focus mainly on the female characters for a long time. Comparatively speaking, the studies on the male characters in the novel are less in number and not so high in quality. The existing literatures pay so much attention to the vulgar and ugly aspects of the male characters while ignoring that these men are complicated and many-sided people.

Ren thought that although the author expressed his ideal" Girls are made of water, men of mud, I feel clean and refreshed when I’m with girls but find men dirty and stinking." by Bao Yu’s way. However, in actual description," girls "are not all" clean and refreshed "and "men" are not all" dirty and stinking." For example, Liu Xianglian was sympathetic or favorite characters of the author. Even Jia Zheng, Jia Rui and Jia Lian are not just" dirty and stinking" (2006:1).

Ren studied the characteristics of men's personalities and thoughts. He thought Jia Zheng's character has both conflict and unity. He is full of filial piety and loving children, loving family and serving the country. In him, there is the contradiction of reality and ideal. He thinks Bao Yu is a traitor and a pioneer of the times. Although Bao Yu had the advantages that others don't have, he also had the weakness of being amorous (2006).

A Dream of Red Mansions is a biography of boudoir, but it also writes about men

inevitably. And its central figure is Bao Yu who was born with jade in his mouth. So the description of men in A Dream of Red Mansions can’t be ignored.

People studied men in A Dream of Red Mansions from different aspects. Li (1986: 03:167) analyzed the richness and complexity of Xue Pan's character from the description of his several appearances. She believed that Xue Pan's character had two sides. Xue Pan did whatever he wanted and also loved his family.

He (2006:01-02) analyzed the uniqueness of male characters and Cao's description methods from the perspective of male character structure. He believed that Bao Yu was frank and natural, and had thought and behavior beyond the times. He thought Jia Zheng was a highly authentic figure in line with the characteristics of the times. Jia Lian also had real feelings in his heart.

2.2 Purpose of Writing

As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.” Historically, China’s traditional positioning of gender roles requires men to be strong and resolute and not to cry under any circumstances. However, both men and women, who can avoid weeping on the difficult life path? He thought men's tears are more telling when compared with the personality of women who are more likely to cry and possess the greater tolerance of society (2006:07). Therefore, based on the English version of the novel and former analysis and researches, this thesis selects the special view of men's tears and explores their personality and overall image respectively through a detailed analysis of the reasons and processes of their shedding tears. Thus, this thesis discusses several male characters’ image under these detail description.

The English study of A Dream of Red Mansions is usually a comparison between translations. On the basis of my original understanding of the Chinese version of the novel, this paper takes advantage of the translated version, using the terms carefully chosen and translated by the Yangs, to explore the male images in the novel from the detail description.

3. Bao Yu’s Image

3.1 Bao Yu’s characters

Bao Yu is the central figure of A Dream of Red Mansions and therefore is there in the novel from beginning to end. His personality is extremely rich and complex and has attracted the attention of researchers. Jin (1943:05:02) proposed that Bao Yu is the rebel of his time. He despised fame and interest, and was unwilling to take official career. He hated Stereotyped Writing and abused those who studied to become officials as thieves and he was lazy to contact and visit them. He also was unwilling to associate with scholar officials in chapter73.

The image of Bao Yu shows the subversion of the traditional male roles in many respects. He did not become a loyal official and filial son under feudal rule. He denied the traditional idea that men are superior to women in chapter 2. In addition, Bao Yu extremely despised the feudal hierarchy of the order of dignity and inferiority. He did not want Jia Huan to be afraid of him, and he had no boundaries between master and servant in chapter 20. Even if he was deliberately hurt by Jia Huan, he also provided shelter for Jia Huan in chapter 25. He could also tear off the precious fans to make servant girl laugh in chapter 31.

It is such an important and complex character that Bao Yu was written to shed tears 35 times in the novel. He (2006:03) suggests that Bao Yu's tear played an indispensable role in shaping his unique character. Let us taste his unique personality charm.

3.2 Bao Yu’s Tears

3.2.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Dai Yu

Dai Yu is one of the heroines of A Dream of Red Mansions. She and Bao Yu are lovers, confidants, especially soul mates.

In the novel, Dai Yu's fate is to cry for Bao Yu. But the one who made Bao Yu cry the most is Dai Yu.Bao Yu’s tears shedding for Dai Yu shows his innocence and sincerity for affection. When Bao Yu and Dai Yu met for the first time, they saw each other as they were old friends, and then Bao Yu discovered that Dai Yu did not have the same precious jade as he did. He cried with tears on his face and said" It can’t even tell good people from bad. What spiritual understanding has it got? I don’t want this nuisance either" in chapter3. Bao Yu dropped the jade and cried with childishness, showing the love tragedy of them was doomed from the beginning (He, 2006:4).He expressed his feelings frankly, which seemed impulsive but honest.

In chapter 29, Abbot Zhang talked about a marriage for Bao Yu, which caused a big storm between Bao Yu and Dai Yu. Due to the restraint of etiquette, they lost their voice, and their inner feelings could not reach an agreement clearly. Bao Yu could not help weeping when he looked at the sick Dai Yu with tears on her face. Regarding this storm, He proposed that Bao Yu's tears embodied the true feeling for Dai Yu and the helplessness of feudal ethical code (2006:04). His tears also contained the love and pity for Dai Yu. Under the circumstances, tears perhaps were the most straightforward expression.

The scene which is most impressive was in 57 chapter. At the beginning, Zi Juan pretended that she was under the guise of Dai Yu and said to Bao Yu that male and female have differences. And then she deliberately said Dai Yu was going to go home Suzhou. Her words made Bao Yu feel very sad and his heart ached so much that he lost consciousness. He cried out and burst into tears when he saw Zi Juan later. Even in his dream, he woke up and cried every now and then. Bao Yu's excited performance showed that although he was passionate, he also was single-minded. It revealed his infatuation and stupidity. At the same time, Bao Yu's infatuation and stupidity can also be seen here.

Bao Yu cried the most for Dai Yu. Through his tears for Dai Yu, we can see the trajectory of their emotion and relationship. They looked like old friends at the beginning, and then they became lovers. These tears also make their love tragedy more touching.

3.2.2 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for servant girls

Besides shedding tears for Dai Yu, Bao Yu also shed tears for the servant girls and other girls. He (2006:12) thought that Bao Yu’s tears expressed his true and beautiful inner side towards the low-ranked servant girl next to him.

3.2.2.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Qing Wen and Xi Ren

Qing Wen and Xi Ren are Bao Yu's servant girls. In chapter 31, Bao Yu and Qing Wen produced contradiction, which affected Xi Ren. He sighed and said to Xi Ren with tears:" What am I to do? I've worn my heart out, yet nobody cares." in chapter 31. His true disposition is also reflected in Xi Ren. In chapter 19, Xi Ren pretended to sound out Bao Yu by saying that her family wanted to redeem her. Bao Yu thought that Xi Ren really would leave Jia's house, so he was so sad that he wept. This chapter depicted the true feelings between them and also reflects Bao Yu’s rich affection.

Bao Yu worried that Xi Ren would be ransomed by her families in chapter 19, the death of Qing Wen in chapter78 and the grievance of Ping in chapter73 and so on. The tears he wept for the servant girls were just a reflection of his thought that in his mind, the status of female is the same and there is no distinction between lowliness and nobleness. Thus, his thoughts at that time appear particularly valuable.

3.2.2.2 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Second Sister You

Bao Yu is also full of sincere love for other girls such as Second Sister You. Her encounter made Bao Yu infinitely sad. Although she had a bad reputation, which was the root cause of Liu Xianglian's breaking off an engagement. Bao Yu is still full of caring for them. After the death of Second Sister You, "Bao Yu had already come to mourn and cry." in chapter 69. Bao Yu's tears for the death of Second Sister You showed his extremely broad heart of universal love towards girls and his deep sympathy and compassion for girls' misfortune.

With an innocent heart, Bao Yu had a holy and broad compassion and cared for girls. His love for girls was his pursuit of beautiful things, and his kindness to girls was unrequited. This is the purity of his soul.

3.2.3 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for friends

3.2.3.1 Bao Yu’s Tear-shedding for Qin Zhong

Bao Yu also wept for his friends. The tears showed his appreciation and cherishment of friendship. The first friend is Qin Zhong. In chapter 16, Qin Zhong was dying, Bao Yu hurried up and wept over after hearing what Qin Zhong said. He (2006) thought that in face of Qin Zhong's death, Bao Yu's crying expressed his grief that he lost a true friend. They not only appreciated each other's appearance, but also the inner harmony of their soul and thought. Therefore, Bao Yu's tears here should not only be the pain of losing friends, but also the expression of his helplessness.

At the same time, as the saying goes, “Birds of a feather flock together.” From Qin Zhong, we can see that Bao Yu is a person who was unwilling to aspire to fame and does not take glory as a pursuing.

3.3 A Summary of Bao Yu’s Image

Through the analysis of Bao Yu's crying several times, we can see his kindness and innocence. He was not afraid of the common customs and traditions and insisted on his advanced thoughts. He shed tears mostly for the purest and most beautiful girls in his heart regardless of their status. With a heart of universal love, he sympathized, cared, and pitied every girl within his ability (He, 2006:14). The tears that Bao Yu shed for Qin Zhong showed the sincere friendship between him and his friends, which also showed his healthy personality as a man.

Some people say that Bao Yu has no masculinity, is cowardly, and always shed tears like a girl. However, if these tears expressing the inner feelings are moved, Bao Yu will not become himself (He, 2006:16). His tears are the reflection of his reluctance to give up and the revelation of true feelings. He had a mind superior to others, and was

very different from the male in his time. He wept without mask and expressed his emotion with sincerity.

4. Jia Zheng’s Image

4.1 Jia Zheng’s Characters

Jia Zheng is a controversial figure in A Dream of Red Mansions. In the study of male characters in the novel, he has attracted much attention from researchers. Shu (1982:231) criticized Jia Zheng's image as a scholar in that era, which was no different from others’ images. However, He (2006:23) thought Jia Zheng adhered to the feudal moral dogma and his words and behaviors are an orthodox literatus of that time. He is different from the men of his time such as Jia Zhen, Jia Lian and Jia She. Huang (1987:78-82) evaluated Jia Zheng as a real person with thoughts, feelings and character.

Jia Zheng is a loyal and patriotic official and a good elder. As a father, he is very strict with Bao Yu. He and Bao Yu have different values and outlook on life. He thought Bao Yu is a dandy who does not do his job properly. In order to bring Bao Yu's thoughts into the track of orthodox ideas, he first asked him to read books. During their visit to Grand View Garden, he also did not forget his admonition to Bao Yu in chapter17.

He paid attention to domestic discipline and revealed the image of strict father everywhere. Jiang (2013:507) made a thorough analysis of Jia Zheng's situation. He said he sympathized with Jia Zheng. Under that big tradition, it was very difficult for Jia Zheng to change the role of father, so he could only play the role of strict father.

In addition, apart from being a strict father, Jia Zheng is a filial son to his mother. He was respectful to his mother and abided by the traditional moral codes. So, he often took compromise as concession when he disagreed with his mother on the matter of educating Bao Yu.

4.2 Jia Zheng’s Tears

Jia Zheng was the only person in A Dream of Red Mansions who had been rated as "an ancestor" by the author in chapter3. However, even such figure had also shed tears.

4.2.1 Jia Zheng’s Tear-shedding for Bao Yu

His tears shedding for Bao Yu were a true expression of uncontrollable inner affection. In the 33rd chapter of the novel, Jia Zheng was short of breath and beat Bao Yu because he listened to what Jia Huan had deliberately planted. In Jia Zheng's mind, Bao Yu was so unbearable that Jia Zheng felt extremely disappointed and sad as his father. He could not help crying with tough love for Bao Yu. Later, when hearing the words of Madam Wang, he realized that only Bao Yu was the son born of the legal wife and all the hopes of the family rested on Bao Yu. He hoped that Bao Yu would inherit the family business and prospered the Family. He (2006:18) thought that although Jia Zheng and Madam Wang had very different ways of expressing their feelings, in essence, their inner love and expectations for Bao Yu are the same. Bao Yu’s pain was physical, but Jia Zheng’s pain was inside him.

Behind the tears and scolding was his expectation and deep feeling for Bao Yu. It was his tears that made us feel his concern and his love for Bao Yu beyond the image of strict father.

4.2.2 Jia Zheng’s Tear-shedding for His Mother

Jia Zheng's tears shedding for his mother expressed his respect for his mother as a son. In the aftermath of the incident, we continued to see Jia Zheng crying in his mother's scolding voice in chapter33. No matter how angry he was with Bao Yu before, facing his mother's questioning and scolding, he only felt guilty and heartache.

He abided by the feudal social ethics. He was filial to his mother and did not dare to go against her. Some people say that Jia Zheng's filial piety towards his mother is foolish. In my opinion, this is not really like that. He listened to his mother with the true feeling and he understood his mother's love for Bao Yu. It was because he attached great importance to family affection that he shed anxious tears when misunderstood by his mother.

4.3 A Summary of Jia Zheng’s Image

He (2006:23) thought Jia Zheng is the most upright character in A Dream of Red Mansions and his rigid performance is almost entirely a megaphone of feudal ethics. However, through his tears, we saw a vivid image. Facing the rebellious Bao Yu, he, like all ordinary fathers, was angry and distressed to shed tears. Facing his elderly mother, he knew filial piety better. His tears shedding for her mother expressed his love for his mother. These natural tears were exactly the portrayal of Jia Zheng’s image.

5. Jia Lian’s Image

5.1 Jia Lian’s Characters

Jia Lian is a typical image of prodigal in A Dream of Red Mansions. And he is a character easily ignored by readers. People's most impressive impressions of Jia Lian are often focused on his lewd and shameless. Jia Lian had devoted a lot of enthusiasm to women in his life. When his daughter was ill, he had not restrained his behavior.

Even if he was such a lecher, he was relatively a person who attached great importance to love and righteousness. Although he coveted the beauty of Second Sister You at first, he felt the sincerity of Second Sister You towards him later, and he also gave all his possessions to Second Sister You to show his sincerity in chapter64.

At the same time, Jia Lian is also an objective, fair and more humane person. In chapter46 of the novel, he was beaten up by his father because he was dissatisfied with Jia Yucun's acts of oppressing the people.

5.2 Jia Lian’s Tears

Even if Jia Lian was such a dude, he shed tears, too. Through his tears, we can see the aspect of Jia Lian's character that is easily overlooked.

5.2.1 Jia Lian’s Tear-shedding for Wang Xi Feng

The first time Jia Lian cried was for Wang Xi Feng. In chapter 25, she was mutilated by Aunt Zhao with witchcraft. As all hope was relinquished, preparations were started for the funeral. Jia Lian wept even more bitterly than the rest, unable to take food or sleep. Obviously, there is true love between husband and wife and we can see his true love for his wife as a husband from his several times shedding tears. At the same time, we can see the real and beautiful side of Jia Lian's personality.

5.2.2 Jia Lian’s Tear-shedding for Second Sister You

In the first 80 chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Lian shed tears of true feelings for Second Sister You more than once. From his tears here, we can see his valuable qualities.

Jia Lian's initial interest in Second Sister You was completely out of lust in chapter64. But the important thing is that after marrying Second Sister You, their feelings gradually became more and more true. In chapter69, although Jia Lian knew that Second Sister You had misbehaved before, he still decided to give Second Sister You a chance, and he thought it is good to know what is wrong and to change it.

In chapter69, facing Second Sister You, who was pregnant but was seriously ill, he shed tears again and again. After Sister You died, he burst into tears. After seeing Second Sister You's clothes, he couldn't help crying again. The tears that he shed for Second Sister You are enough to show the deep affection between them and his true temperament.

5.3 A Summary of Jia Lian’s Image

From Jia Lian's tears, He thought that Jia Lian is definitely not just an ignorant and unscrupulous young man who only knows lasciviousness (2006:29). He had thoughts, emotion and his true feelings. He could cry for his wife or for his concubine. As long as others are sincere to him, he also will be sincere to them. It is not hard to see that Jia Lian is a real person. Although his ideological consciousness was not as good as Bao Yu's, his character image is much nobler than other men's.

6. Conclusion

In summary, it is unusual for the male characters to shed tears in A Dream of the Red Mansion and the tear-shedding plays a vital role in successfully shaping these male characters. Tears are people's instinctive reaction. The author uses tears to mold people and show their character and soul. The tears shed by each person under different circumstances are exactly the portrayal of their inner word. Bao Yu’s tears were frank and full of true temperament. His tears help express his feelings and show his helplessness to the world. Jia Zheng's tears showed a stern father's inner love for his son and filial piety and respect for his mother. Jia Lian's tears revealed his true feelings which made his image lifelike. Without the description of these tears, their characters would not be so vivid. Tears, seemingly not important in creating male characters, is precisely the key to the revelation of characters. It is these vivid figures that made the novel famous to this day.

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