摘 要

福州市是海峡西岸经济区中心城市之一，近年来，随着福州市经济发展和城市化进程的加快，细颗粒物污染已成为影响该地区空气质量的一个重要问题。高浓度细颗粒物不但会损害人体健康，还会影响能见度和气候。因此了解和掌握福州市区污染特征和当地的典型污染过程，对于采取预防和控制措施，削减排放源，改善空气质量具有非常重要的意义。

本论文基于2015年2月1日至2016年1月31日福州市逐时浓度监测数据，分析了福州市区域污染时空分布特征。福州市夏、秋季空气质量优良，春、冬季污染较严重，故结合气象资料和后向轨迹模型、潜在源贡献因子分析与浓度权重轨迹分析对当地春、冬季典型污染过程进行了探讨，并对春、冬季PM_2.5污染特征和来源进行了重点分析。

福州市相比于京津冀地区、长江三角洲地区空气质量较好，PM_2.5浓度为28μg/m³，是当地最主要的污染物。SO₂和CO浓度分别为6.1μg/m³和1mg/m³，几乎不存在污染，NO₂浓度为32.5μg/m³，O₃浓度为105.4μg/m³，均达到了国家二级浓度限值，但以欧美发达国家环境空气质量标准来衡量，仍需进一步改善空气环境质量。2012年和2014年福州市源排放清单的研究结果表明，PM₁₀和PM_2.5的排放量增加趋势明显，NO_x几乎没有变化，人为源VOCs和SO₂的排放量呈明显的下降趋势。各污染物在不同季节污染程度有所差异，但整体上都呈春季高夏季低的季节变化趋势，污染物超标主要集中在2月，6月和7月空气质量状况最好。PM₁₀年均值浓度空间差异显著，PM_2.5年均值浓度差别不大，五四北路站和师大站污染程度较重，鼓山站污染程度最轻，但PM₁₀和PM_2.5年均质量浓度均达到了国家二级标准。

福州市春、冬季的典型污染过程具有不同的污染特征和形成机制。冬季污染过程不仅受到盆地内静稳天气影响，低层逆温现象明显，污染物在盆地内不断积累，颗粒物和气态污染物浓度均有明显的增加，而且受到来自长三角地区的污染物长距离输送的影响，福州PM₁₀浓度会迅速增高，PM_2.5/PM₁₀比例会明显减小。其潜在源区是福州本地和长三角地区。而春季污染过程中持续受低压控制，并受冷锋过境影响，冷锋过境前的回暖区和地面静小风可能导致福州市本地污染物迅速积累，加上盆地扩散条件不佳等因素的影响，造成大气环境污染。其潜在源区是福州本地和福建中南部沿海地区。因此，调整产业结构、大力推行清洁能源，降低可吸入颗粒物排放浓度势在必行，加强区域联控联防机制，实现福州空气质量的真正改善。

关键词：福州；细颗粒物；污染特征；来源分布；输送路径；潜在源区

Abstract

Fuzhou is one of the central cities of the economic zone on the west side of the Straits. In recent years, with the acceleration of economic development and urbanization in Fuzhou，fine particulate pollution has become an important issue affecting the air quality in the area. High concentrations of fine particles will not only do harm to people’s health， but also affect the visibility and climate. Therefore，it is of great significance to know the feature of the pollution and the process of typical pollution in Fuzhou, so that we can take measures to prevent and control it. This helps us to reduce emission and improve air quality.

Based on the data of daily concentration in Fuzhou from January 1st，2015 to January 31th，2016，this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of regional pollution in Fuzhou， combining the meteorological data and the backward trajectory model and the potential source contribution factor analysis. The typical pollution process in spring and winter was discussed，and the characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 pollution in spring and winter were analyzed.

Compared to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei，Yangtze River Delta region，the air quality of Fuzhou is better. PM_2.5 is the most important pollutant. There is almost no SO₂ and CO pollution. NO_x and O₃ concentration of Fuzhou reached the national secondary standards. The results of the 2012 and 2014 emissions schedules show that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions increased significantly. But NO_x emission almost unchanged. The anthropogenic VOCs and SO₂ emissions showed a clear downward trend. The pollution degree of each pollutant in different seasons varies，but it shows the conmen trend that the figure is high in spring and low in summer. The pollutant is mainly concentrated in February，and the air quality is the best in June and July. The concentration of PM₁₀ shows obvious differences in different area. The annual average concentration of PM_2.5 is almost the same. The pollution in Wusi North Road and Shida are severe. Gushan has the lightest degree of pollution. The annual average concentration of PM₁₀ and the PM_2.5 both reached the national secondary standard.

The typical pollution process in spring and winter in Fuzhou has different pollution characteristics and formation mechanism. The pollution process in winter is not only affected by the static weather in the basin，but also the low level of inversion. The pollutants accumulate in the basin，so the concentration of particulates and gaseous pollutants increased. Affected by the pollutants transported by long distance f rom the Yangtze River Delta region, PM₁₀ concentration in Fuzhou will rapidly increase，PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio will significantly reduced. The potential source area is Fuzhou and Yangtze River Delta region. The process of pollution in spring will be controlled by the continuous low pressure and affected by the transiting of cold front. The pick up area and static wind before the transit will probably make the pollutant accumulate in a short time. In addition to the poor condition of proliferation in the basin, the air pollution arises. Its potential source area is Fuzhou and central and southern coastal areas of Fujian. Therefore, it is imperative to adjust the industrial structure, vigorously promote clean energy and reduce the concentration of respirable particulate matter, and strengthen the regional joint control mechanism to achieve the real improvement of Fuzhou air quality.

Keywords：Fuzhou；fine particulate matter；pollution characteristics；source distribution；transport path；potential source area

目录

第1章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景 1

1.2 研究现状 2

1.3 研究目的和意义 3

1.4 研究内容和方法 4

1.4.1 研究内容 4

1.4.2 研究技术路线 5

第2章 福州市污染状况分析 6

2.1 监测站点与数据源 6

2.2 污染物超标情况统计 6

2.3 污染物时间分布特征 7

2.3.1 污染物日变化特征 7

2.3.2 污染物月变化特征 10

2.3.3 污染物季节变化特征 14

2.4 污染物区域分布特征 16

2.5 福州市污染源排放状况分析 18

2.5.1 污染物排放清单研究结果比较 18