摘 要

寒山是中国唐代一位在当时并不著名的诗人，而在十九世纪五十年代间，刚经历二战后的美国，因寒山诗的传入，引发了寒山热。相隔一千多年，跨越时间空间，美国诗人加里·施耐德发表了24首寒山经典译诗，从而成为了美国翻译文学史上的经典之作，也引起了广大学者对寒山和寒山诗的关注。本文从三个方面分析施耐德对于中国经典诗歌的翻译，分别是其翻译的手法和选择，翻译的成功点，以及翻译文本所引发的文化共鸣。分析这些点的原因在于更为深入了解施耐德的中国情怀以及其个体和所代表的一类人群所拥有的情怀，也为了让读者加深对施耐德的了解和体验文化翻译作品中所产生的文化共鸣。

关键词：加里·施耐德; 寒山诗; 共鸣; 禅宗

Abstract

Han Shan is a Chinese poet which was not very famous in Tang Dynasty. However, in the 1950s, Han Shan’s poems become popular in American society after the Second World War. Crossing the time and space of one thousand years, Gary Snyder published the translation of 24 Han Shan’s classic poems, thereby those translation become the classics of American translation literature. Moreover, it has drawn many scholars’ attention to Han Shan and Han Shan’s poems. This thesis will analyze Snyder’s translation of Chinese classical poems from three aspects, namely, his translation methods and selection, the success of his translation, and the cultural resonance caused by his translated texts. The reason for this research is to make human beings have a deep understanding of Snyder and the beaten generation’s feelings. Furthermore, it is an excellent way for readers to gain a resonance from the translation.

Keywords: Gary Snyder; Han Shan’ s poems; Resonance; Zen

Contents

1 Introduction............................................................................................................1

2 Literature Review...................................................................................................3

2.1 Han Shan and Han Shan's Poems................................................................3

2.2 Research Purpose and Situation..................................................................5

3 Analysis of Snyder's Translation............................................................................6

3.1 Selection of the Poems................................................................................6

3.2 Understanding of the Poems.......................................................................7

3.3 Analysis of Translation Method..................................................................8

3.3.1 Literal Translation............................................................................8

3.3.2 Free Translation...............................................................................9

3.3.3 Creative Translation........................................................................10

4 Cultural Resonance in Gary Snyder’s Translation of Chinese Classic Poems.....11

4.1 Social Background.....................................................................................11

4.2 Snyder's Personal Impact...........................................................................12

4.3 Influence of Zen.........................................................................................13

4.4 Snyder and Chinese Confucianism............................................................14

4.5 Resonance of Poems and Background.......................................................14

5 Conclusion............................................................................................................15

References.............................................................................................................. .16
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................17

Cultural Resonance : Research on Gary Snyder's Translation of Chinese Classic Poems

1 Introduction

Gary Snyder is an American man of letters which was born in a farm family. Probably best known as a poet that he is almost always connected with the beaten generation. He is also an essayist, lecturer and environmental activist. He has been regarded as ‘poet of laureate of Deep Ecology’. His work, in his various roles, reflects an immersion in both Buddhist spirituality and nature. Snyder also has translated several ancient Chinese and Japanese into English. Gary Snyder loves Chinese classic poems especially Han Shan’s poems. In the following part, it will give some chosen poems of Gary Snyder’s translation which those will be analysed in the thesis because the chosen five poems can show the typical methods and cultural difference clearly.

Han Shan is a poet which lived in Changan in Tang dynasty. He was born in a family that has produced public officials for several generations, but he fell in the imperial examination several times and forced to become a buddhist. After 30 years old, he lived in Tiantai mountain and died in 100 years old. According to ‘History of Northern Dynasties’ and ‘Book of Sui’, he was the son of Sui royal household, got into the buddhism because of the jealousy and threaten from his family members. As his spirit transports into American, Han Shan’s poems become very popular in the American society. Han Shan is a significant person in the history of Zen spirit. As Zen can be found almost everyplace in his poems.

Zen is a branch of Chinese Buddhism which combines India Buddhism and traditional Chinese culture. In ancient India, Zen intended people to meditate, not only belonging to Buddhism. It is found in India and spread to China and Japan. By Chinese Zen master’s efforts and innovation, Zen becomes popular in Tang and Song Dynasty. As Snyder found and indicated that all the great poets were in the same time with the great Zen masters, even they didn’t know each other because the huge population of China.

This thesis will introduce Han Shan and his poems and the research background and the research situation in China and the other countries. In the following part, five chosen poems of Gary Snyder’s translation will be analysed in the thesis because the chosen poems can show the typical methods and cultural difference clearly.

2 Literature Review